j wave syndrome: benign or malignant?

J wave syndrome is an electrical disease of the heart due to pathologic early repolarization. it encompasses a clinical spectrum from aborted sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmia (va) usually in young affected patients to self-terminating ventricular ectopies, and finally, asymptomatic relatives of probands detected during electrocardiography acquisition (early repolarization pattern). this syndrome consists of 2 phenotypes, early repolarization and brugada syndrome. herein, we first describe 2 patients with early repolarization and brugada syndrome, then, discuss their definition, epidemiology, genetics, cellular mechanism, diagnosis, risk stratification, and finally, therapeutic challenges and options one by one in detail.