ابعاد کاربردشناختی نقش‌نمای گفتمانیِ «مگر»

ﻧﻘﺶ ﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎی ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧﯽ در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎی اﺧﯿﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﻓﺰاﯾﻨﺪه را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد ﺟﻠﺐ ﮐﺮده و در ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب ﻫﺎی ﻧﻈﺮی ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﯽ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ. ﯾﮑﯽ از روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎی ﻣﻬﻢ و ﺑﺤﺚ اﻧﮕﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎ، ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎدة ﮔﺮاﯾﺲ (1989) ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از اﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ را ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﺑﮥ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻗﺮاردادی )در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﮑﺎﻟﻤﻪ ای( و در ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﮐﻨﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﺎری ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺮﮐﺰی و ﮐﻨﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﺎری ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ )در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﮐﻨﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﺎری ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺮﮐﺰی و ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ( در ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. واژه «ﻣﮕﺮ» ﮐﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ دﺳﺘﻮری ﺷﺪﮔﯽ واژه ای ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺳﯽ در ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮥ ﻧﻔﯽ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ، ﺑﺎ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻻت ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ﭘﺬﯾﺮش ﻃﯿﻔﯽ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده از ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ، در زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ اﻣﺮوز واﺟﺪ ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد ﻧﻘﺶ ﻧﻤﺎی ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و در ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺗﺮاﮔﻮت (1982) ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻠﯽ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدی ﭘﺬﯾﺮﺷﯽ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮی در راﺳﺘﺎی ذﻫﻨﯽ ﺷﺪنِ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. در ﻣﻘﺎﻟﮥ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﭘﺲ از ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮔﺴﺘﺮه ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ و ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺳﺮﻧﻤﻮﻧﯽ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻧﻤﺎی ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧﯽ «ﻣﮕﺮ» (ﺑﺮﯾﻨﺘﻮن، 1996 و ﻫﺎﯾﻨﻪ، 2013) و ﺷﺮﺣﯽ درزﻣﺎﻧﯽ از ﺗﺤﻮل ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ اﯾﻦ واژه ﺗﺎ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ اﻣﺮوز و ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻠﯽ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﭘﺬﯾﺮﺷﯽ، ﺗﻼش ﮐﺮده اﯾﻢ آن را ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﺑﮥ ﮐﻨﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﺎری ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ. ﻣﺎ در اﯾﻨﺠﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرات ﺷﺎﻣﻞ »ﻣﮕﺮ« را در ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ اﻣﺮوز ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان دارای دو ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت دﻻﻟﺖ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺘﻮای ﮔﺰاره ای و ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺻﺪق و ﮐﺬب ﻋﺒﺎرت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻮده و دﯾﮕﺮی ﺑﺎ اﻓﺎدة ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ، ﺑﻪ اﺟﺮای ﮐﻨﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﺎری ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺮﮐﺰی ﯾﺎری ﻣﯽ رﺳﺎﻧﺪ؛ در اﯾﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ دوم، واژ «ﻣﮕﺮ» ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺣﺎﻣﻞ آن ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎره ای دﯾﮕﺮ از ﮐﻼم، اﻧﺘﻈﺎرات ﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪه ﯾﺎ ﮔﺰاره ای ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺮج از ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﯿﺸﯿﻦ ﻣﮑﺎﻟﻤﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺘﺎً ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻧﮑﻪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎده ﺳﺮل (1969)، ﮐﻨﺶ ﻫﺎی ﮔﻔﺘﺎری ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﭼﻬﺎرﮔﺎﻧﮥ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ (اﻗﺘﻀﺎﺋﯽ) ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺷﺮط ﻣﺤﺘﻮای ﮔﺰاره ای، ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﭘﯿﺸﯿﻨﯽ، ﺷﺮط ﺻﺪاﻗﺖ، و ﺷﺮط ﺿﺮوری ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﮐﻮﺷﯿﺪه اﯾﻢ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﯿﻢ اﯾﻦ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺑﺮای ﮐﻨﺶ ﻫﺎی ﮔﻔﺘﺎری ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ اﻣﮑﺎن ﻃﺮح ﻣﯽ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ.

Pragmatic Aspects of Mægær (‘unless’/’but’) as a Discourse Marker in Persian

Discourse marker is a functionalpragmatic category, not affecting truth conditions of the sentence. These linguistic elements encode procedural rather than representative or propositional meanings. Discourse markers have been the subject of increasing attention in recent years, and have been investigated in different theoretical frameworks. Among the vast variety of approaches toward interpreting the role of discourse markers, one major approach is rooted in Grice’s suggestion. By elaborating the concept of conventional implicature along the previously wellknown concept of conversational implicature, Grice (1989) treats some discourse markers as being instances of the former. He also conceptualized the concept of noncentral or higherlevel speech acts to account for the contribution of these discourse markers to the meaning of their host sentence. In this article, we will initially describe the characteristics of the discourse marker magar (‘unless’/’but’) in terms of prototypical characteristics of discourse markers proposed by Brinton (1996) and Heine (2013). We then present a diachronic exposition of its semantic development from having a propositional meaning to a word with a textual and expressive function in contemporary Persian. This explanation is in accordance with Traugott’s (1986) analysis of semantic change toward more subjectification. Ultimately, we have applied a Gricean interpretation to this Persian discourse marker, as a higherlevel speech act. It is argued that magar (‘unless’/’but), in addition to its function as a connective element (which connects two textual units or encrypts the connection between the propositional content of an utterance and its previous context), can help with the performance of a noncentral speech act with the illocutionary force of indicating opposition. Given the fact that speech acts, in Searl’s terms, are the subject of the quadruple felicity conditions, namely Preparatory, Sincerity, Propositional content and Essential conditions we have shown how these conditions can be actualized (or applied) when it comes to higherlevel speech acts.