مقارنة بین آراء ابن‌مالک وابن‌الناظم الصرفیة (ترکیزا علی الفیة ابن مالک وشرحها لابن‌الناظم)

تَحظی المقارنه بین «الالفیه» و«شرحها» باهمیه بالغه بالنسبه لآراء النحاه فی القضایا الصرفیه. وتعود الاهمیه هذه الی معرفه الشخصیه الادبیه لابن مالک فی «الفیته» من جهه، والمکانه الادبیه لابن الناظم فی«شرحها» من جهه اخری، خاصّهً انه اخذها عن ابیهِ المولف مباشرهً دونَ واسطه. وعلی ذلک، یستمدّ الطلبهُ والباحثون من الالفیه وشرحها فی دراساتهم الصرفیه والنحویه. من هذا المنطلق، وعبرَ المنهج الوصفی – التحلیلی، تهدف هذه الدراسه الی المقارنه الصرفیه واوجه الافتراق بین آرائهما لحلّ قضایا الصرف العربی. وقد اقتصرت اوجه الافتراق الی اقلّ من عشره اهمها: اتصال الضمیرین المعمولین للافعال غیر الناسخه، واتصال «لیت» و «لعلّ» و «قد» و«قط» بنون الوقایه، ومساله الاسم واللقب والکنیه، ومراتب اسم الاشاره، وکیفیه قلب همزه الاسم الممدود واواً وابقائها علی حالها.

A Comparative Review of Morphological Views Between Ibn Malik and Ibn alNāzim (By focusing on Alfiya of Ibn Malik and Sharh Ibn alNāzim)

The expression of novel in literature deals with various literary works whose cornerstones are being written in prose, being like a story and its length. The main elements that convey the theme of a novel are its characters. A novel is an indicator of the behaviours and states of the characters whose unique names and characteristics in an outside world have substitutes that indicate the fate of other members of the society for the reader. The writer of the novel creates the characters from an example of real mankind and tries to indicate their reactions to the deeds and behaviors of themselves and other characters. In a word, it creates an example of a real mankind with all its mental and emotional characteristics. Therefore, in order to create a valuable literary work, he should have enough skills in terms of characterization. The present study is an attempt to indicate the effort of Najib Mahfūz,  the famous and contemporary Egyptian novelist, to the element of character and different ways of characterization in his literary works that in this investigation, this phenomenon is just examined in the novel “alLis va alkilāb”. The main motivation in the selection of this character and novel is the place of this literary work in Arabic story writing because some people consider it as a cornerstone in Arabic story writing. This study first investigated the definition and place of character in literature and after enumerating different types of characters and different methods of characterization, the novel will be investigated based on the above mentioned criteria.