criteria for designing urban parks in a pandemic of infectious diseases: a survey based on experts' opinions

Landscapes and urban green spaces, particularly urban parks, are among the most crucial urban areas. therefore, planning and designing urban parks to offer appropriate services under various conditions, including during infectious disease pandemics, is essential and ensures citizens’ health. this study aimed to bridge the gap between urban park design and pandemic needs by proposing design criteria based on expert opinions to meet park users’ health needs during a pandemic. a questionnaire with seven questions was developed to establish these criteria, resulting in a total of 28 criteria. after collecting the questionnaires, the data were extracted, and the frequency of each option was determined. the criteria for designing urban parks under pandemic conditions were then ranked by importance. our research identified three of the most important criteria: implementing an electronic queuing system in buffets or restaurants to eliminate customer lines, installing automatic hand sanitizers throughout the park, and equipping drinking fountains with smart valves to minimize hand contact. an additional 25 criteria were also prioritized. designers and urban planners can utilize these criteria to create or redesign parks that are better suited for pandemic conditions compared to current parks