evaluation of oral nano-silymarin formulation efficacy in the prevention of hand-foot syndrome and neuropathy induced by xelox or m-folfox6 regimens in metastatic colorectal cancer: a triple-blinded, randomized clinical trial

Background: folinic acid, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin (folfox) and oxaliplatin and capecitabine (xelox) are the most widely used chemotherapy regimens for treating metastatic colorectal carcinoma (crc). these regimens are associated with various adverse reactions, including neuropathy and hand-foot syndrome (hfs). silymarin, a flavonoid derived from silybum marianum, has a wide range of biological activities. it has been used to counteract chemotherapy side effects due to its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. objectives: the purpose of this study was to assess the preventive effect of nano-silymarin on neuropathy and hfs induced by the folfox6 and xelox regimens. methods: a randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 patients who were randomly assigned to receive 70 mg capsules containing 15% silymarin nano micelles twice a day after meals, starting from the first day of the first chemotherapy course and continuing for six courses of the xelox or m-folfox6 regimen. the severity of adverse effects was assessed after the third and sixth courses based on the national cancer institute common terminology criteria for adverse events (nci-ctcae) version 5. results: the median ctcae scores for hfs and neuropathy were significantly lower in the nano-silymarin group at the end of the third course (p < 0.001). however, the difference remained significant only for hfs at the end of the sixth course (p = 0.022). additionally, the scores increased significantly in both the placebo and nano-silymarin groups during the therapy (p < 0.05). conclusions: nano-silymarin may be considered an adjuvant medication for the prevention of certain chemotherapy-induced adverse reactions. further research with larger sample sizes and various doses of nano-silymarin is recommended for a more comprehensive evaluation.