ruthenium (ii) complexes based on phenanthroline-tetrazole as possible anticancer agents

Background: the development of platinum-based metal complexes in oncology is limited due to vigorous toxicity and drug resistance. objectives: this work aimed to study the cytotoxic activity and apoptosis induction of ruthenium complexes in a b16f10 cell line therapy. methods: we prepared a series of innovative ru(ii) complexes [ru(tzphen)(bpy)(dcbpy)] +2(s1), [ru(dcbpy) 2(tzphen)] +2(s2), [ru(phen) 2(tzphen)] +2(s3), [ru(tzphen)(bpy) 2] +2(s4), [ru(dmbpy) 2(tzphen)] +2(s5) based on 1,10-phenanthroline ligand containing tetrazole and their anticancer properties investigated by cytotoxicity in vitro, reactive oxygen species, apoptosis with annexin v/pi staining method, autophagy, and cell uptake. results: s1, s2, s3, s4, and s5 complexes showed comparable cytotoxicity activity relative to cisplatin against the b16f10 model. moreover, intracellular ros levels increased due to the presence of the complexes. among the investigated complexes, the cells treated with the s5 complex indicated the highest apoptotic percentage (q3) of 14.9% compared to the controls. the cell adsorption of the complexes also showed that the s4 and s5 complexes had higher cell adsorption, better internalization, and higher fluorescence light intensity. conclusions: the present work provides important guidance for designing and using ru complexes in cancer therapy.