donepezil beyond alzheimer's disease? a narrative review of therapeutic potentials of donepezil in different diseases

Donepezil hydrochloride is an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor studied and approved to treat alzheimer's disease (ad). however, this drug can have positive therapeutic potential in treating different conditions, including various neurodegenerative disorders such as other types of dementia, multiple sclerosis, parkinson's disease, psychiatric and mood disorders, and even infectious diseases. hence, this study reviewed the therapeutic potential of this drug in treating alzheimer's and other diseases by reviewing the articles from databases including web of science, scopus, pubmed, cochrane, and science direct. it was shown that donepezil could affect the pathophysiology of these diseases via mechanisms such as increasing the concentration of acetylcholine, modulating local and systemic inflammatory processes, affecting acetylcholine receptors like nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, and activating various cellular signaling via receptors like sigma-1 receptors. despite many therapeutic potentials, this drug has not yet been approved for treating non-alzheimer's diseases, and more comprehensive studies are needed.