effectiveness of topical ketorolac in post-hemorrhoidectomy pain management: a clinical trial

Background: postoperative pain management is one of the major challenges of surgeons and anesthesiologists. objectives: this study aimed to determine the efficacy of topical ketorolac in post-hemorrhoidectomy pain management. methods: this clinical trial was conducted on 84 candidates for hemorrhoidectomy (grade-ii hemorrhoids) who visited ali ibn abitalib hospital of rafsanjan, kerman, iran (2020 - 2021). the participants were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three groups of 28. the subjects were treated in topical (4 ml 0.5% marcaine + 1 ml ketorolac at the surgical site), intramuscular (4ml0.5% marcaine at the surgical site + 1mlketorolac intramuscularly), and control (4ml0.5% marcaine at the surgical site) groups. pain intensity was measured using the numerical pain rating scale 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery. the obtained data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. results: female and male patients constituted 46.4% and 53.6% of the participants, respectively. the mean pain intensity was significantly lower in the topical group than in intramuscular and control treatments in all four stages of pain assessment (p < 0.001). some participants were treated with pethidine due to high pain intensity. however, the mean pain intensity gradually reduced over time in all three groups. conclusions: study findings suggested that the topical administration of ketorolac and marcaine wasmoreeffective than marcaine used alone for relieving pain in patients undergoing hemorrhoidectomy.