بام سبز یا باغ‌بام؟ نگاهی به تجربه‌های اخیر تهران

ساخت بام‌های سبز در تهران در سال‌های اخیر افزایش پیدا کرده است. گرچه ایجاد فضای سبز بر روی بام از گذشته در معماری ایران وجود داشته، ولی امروز با پیشرفت تکنولوژی و ورود مصالح و زیرساخت‌های جدید، که ایجاد این فضاها را با سرعت و کیفیتی بیش از پیش ممکن می‌کند، استقبال از سبز کردن بام‌ها افزایش قابل توجهی داشته است. رشد باغ‌سازی بر روی بام در ایران، به مدد پیشرفت‌هایی که در سال‌های اخیر در زمینۀ بام‌های سبز در کشورهای توسعه‌یافته و به‌خصوص کشورهای اروپایی بدست آمده، ممکن شده و انتظار می‌رود در ادامۀ توجه به توسعۀ پایدار و استقبال از طراحی‌های اکولوژیک و معماری سبز اتفاق ‌افتد؛ اما نگاهی دقیق‌تر به پروژه‌هایی که امروز در تهران اجرا می‌شوند نشان می‌دهد که گسترش بام‌های سبز در ایران لزوماً با توسعۀ آن در جهان هم راستا نیست. مهم‌ترین ویژگی بام سبز در ایران، که آن را با نمونه‌های جهانی متفاوت می‌کند، نبودِ انگیزه‌های زیست‌محیطی در ایجاد آن است. همچنین عدم شناخت صحیح از این مقوله در ایران بر کیفیت ساخت آن تاثیرگذار است و جهت گسترش آن را با انحراف و چالش مواجه می‌کند. این مقاله با نگاهی به تجربۀ بام سبز در تهران و ارتباط آن با گسترش بام سبز در جهان، به شباهت‌ها و تفاوت‌های موجود بین آن‌ها می‌پردازد.

Green Roof or Roof Garden?Looking to the Recent Experiences of Tehran

Construction of green roofs in Tehran has increased in recent years. Although the creation of green space on the roof has been existed in the past Iranian architecture, but today by advances in technology and infrastructure, and the arrival of new materials which make the creation of this space with the speed and quality than ever before possible, embracing green roofs has been significantly increased. The growth of gardenmaking on the roof in Iran, thanks to advances in recent years in the field of green roofs in the developed countries, especially European countries, has become possible and it is expected to take place by focusing on sustainable development and welcoming ecological design and green architecture. However a closer look at projects that run today in Tehran shows that development of green roofs in Iran is not necessarily consistent with that in the world. The most important feature of a green roof which makes it different from the world samples is the lack of environmental incentives in its creation.Green roof in Iran has fundamental differences with its international samples. In the leading countries in this field, environmental incentives have been the most important factor in its development; however in Iran, green roofs are constructed with functional and aesthetic aim. It can be said that modern samples of roof garden in Tehran has not fundamental differences with the samples built in several thousand years ago. Today in Iran roof garden is primarily created with the beautification aim and the general approach of space decoration is ruling. Garden building in Iran today's roofs has dual direction: on the one hand, tends to the Iranian landscaping which is symbolic and depends on the environment; on the other hand it is modern and luxurious and tends to aristocracy; while trends in Europe is mostly environmental. Although welcoming the green roof is the potential for its expansion in Iran cities, but promoting such garden roof along with lack of knowledge and recognition among the general public creates an unreal image of green roof which its building at the macro level will lead to many challenges. As a result, considering cultural factors in addition to climatic factors is essential in localizing the green roof. Furthermore, an important part of the measures that can be taken by the government which less attention has been paid so far is educate and promote awareness in this field. Welcoming the green roofs in some parts of Tehran areas is the potential which would bring about the valuable experiences if accompany with the intelligent attention and governmental support.