research progress of immune mechanisms related to persistent hpv infection in cin after cervical conization

Persistent human papillomavirus (hpv) infection is associated with the grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin), high-risk hpv infection, multiple hpv infections, high hpv load, hpv infection of surgical margin, and age in cin after conization. the immune mechanism is complex and is primarily related to vaginal microecology disorders, immune escape, immune response impairment, and the release of regulatory cytokines. currently, the treatment methods for postoperative persistent hpv infection include surgical treatment, antiviral treatment, vaccination, and other approaches.