crocus sativus (saffron): an immunoregulatory factor in the autoimmune and non-autoimmune diseases

It has been reported that patients with arthritis, osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, brain ischemia, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) suffer from pro-inflammatory and oxidant related responses. therefore, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant therapies are used to improve the quality of life of the patients. saffron is a herbal drug that has immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties. hence, saffron and its components have been proposed as therapeutic agents for the treatment of the diseases. therefore, this review article was designed to collect recent information regarding the effects of saffron and its components on the amelioration of the inflammatory symptoms in the autoimmune and non-autoimmune diseases and anti-cancerous effects from 1999 up to now via searching the pubmed, google scholar, and scopus databases. due to fact that several investigations have reviewed the roles played by saffron on autoimmune and non-autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, mood disorders, and alzheimer's disease, this review article focuses on other diseases to keep the novelty of the present review for readers.