exploring the adverse effects of fenugreek in humans: a scoping review

Background: trigonella foenum-graecum, commonly known as fenugreek, is used both as a spice and a medicinal herb. while numerous studies investigated its therapeutic effects, this scoping review aimed to explore the reported adverse effects associated with fenugreek consumption in humans. methods: a systematic search of several scientific databases was conducted, including google scholar, web of science, pubmed/pmc-medline, scopus, and science direct, from january 1990 to september 2024. the search utilized keywords such as fenugreek, adverse effects, clinical trial, and case report, or case series. references of retrieved articles were also screened.results: the review included 60 articles. of these, 14 clinical trials reported adverse effects, 23 reported none, and 13 did not provide information on adverse effects. additionally, 10 case reports or case series (reported in eight articles) detailed allergic reactions or hypersensitivity signs and symptoms. the most common adverse effect was mild gastrointestinal discomfort following oral consumption. other reported effects included hypoglycemia, potential hypokalemia, allergic reactions, a maple syrup odor in the urine, sweat, or skin of infants and mothers, and interactions with certain medications. conclusion: fenugreek is generally considered safe, with most reported side effects being mild and self-limiting. no fatalities have been attributed to its use. this evidence might be valuable for both the general public and healthcare professionals.