effects of different fungicides on paecilomyces formosus, the causal agent of dieback and canker diseases of pistachio

In this study, the effect of 13 fungicides on mycelial growth, spore germination and sporulation of paecilomyces formosus, the main causal agent of dieback disease, were investigated in vitro and in vivo. treatments included profiler®, rovral-ts®, elit®, oxychromes®, cidley top®, cuprosit c®, ortivatop®, captan®, acrobat mz®, benomyl®, luna®, folicur® and falcon® at different concentrations of 500-3000 ppm. the results showed that the efficiency of different fungicides on fungal development, measured as mycelial growth, spore germination ranged from 36.8 to 100% and 21.7 to 100%, respectively. the inhibition of sporulation was between 0 to 4.3&×106 spores ml-1. in vitro, the highest reduction in mycelium growth and spore germination was observed for the fungicides benomyl®, luna®, folicur®, and falcon® at concentrations of 1000, 500, 1500, 2000 and ortivatop®, elite®, falcon®, benomyl®, captan®, and acrobat mz® at concentrations of 750, 2500, 2000 1000, 3000, 3000 ppm, respectively. in vivo, the effect of selected fungicides was evaluated on inoculated shoots. the rate of inhibition of pathogen progression using immersion inoculation and the vertical method was 18.7-43.2% and 39.8-45.5%, respectively. the highest inhibition (45.5%) was observed with luna® fungicide at 500 ppm using the vertical method and the lowest inhibition (18.7%) was related to benomyl fungicide at 1000 ppm using the immersion method (p≤0.01). no significant advantages were observed in fungicides applications in terms of dbp control compared to those control trees with no-spraying fungicides. in contrast, pruning showed comparative advantages in the management of dbp.