examining the impact of lead farmer approach on follower farmers’ knowledge and practice of conservation agriculture: a case study in kalira extension planning area, ntchisi district, malawi

The lead farmer approach (lfa) has emerged as a vital strategy for agricultural extension services in developing nations like malawi, aiming to disseminate new technologies and practices among smallholder farmers. this study investigates the impact of lfa on follower farmers' (ffs) knowledge and practice of conservation agriculture (ca) in malawi. employing a mixed-methods research design, the study conducted household surveys and focus group discussions in the kalira environmental protection area, ntchisi district. results indicate a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in ffs' knowledge of ca post-lfa, with notable advancements in crop rotation and minimum soil disturbance understanding. the lfa also positively influenced ffs' ca practices, particularly in minimum soil disturbances, permanent ground cover, and integration of agroforestry trees. while intercropping and crop rotation showed no significant change, the overall impact underscores the effectiveness of lfa in enhancing ffs' understanding and adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. the findings contribute valuable insights for governments, development agencies, and researchers working toward promoting ca and sustainable agriculture through the lfa approach, emphasizing its potential scalability and long-term sustainability