effect of segmental joint on internal forces in tunnel lining under seismic loading by numerical method

Although segmental tunnel linings are often used for seismic areas, the influence of segment joints on the segmental lining behavior under seismic loading has not been thoroughly considered in the literature. this paper presents the results of a numerical study investigating the effects of the rotational, axial, and radial joint stiffness of the longitudinal joints on the structural forces in segmental tunnel lining under seismic loading. a 3d finite element method is adapted to establish elaborate numerical models of the segments. the validity of the numerical model was tested by comparing the results obtained with the wellknown analytical methods presented by wang and penzien. the results demonstrate that by increasing the rotational stiffness of the segmental joint, the bending moment increases. when the rotational stiffness ratio is less than 0.5, the positive and negative bending moment variations are more. the numerical modeling results show the variations in the bending moment and the difference between the positive and negative bending moment values increased by increasing the acceleration of seismic loading. moreover, it is significant for the   values. by increasing the rotational stiffness ratio of the segmental joint, the axial force ratio decreases. by increasing the axial and shear stiffness ratio of segmental joint, the variations in the bending moment and axial force in segmental lining is not significant and is ignorable in designing segmental lining.