isolation and molecular identification of vahlkampfiidae and vermamoeba vermiformis from fresh vegetables: a neglected source of infections

Background: naegleria spp., tetramitus spp., and vermamoeba vermiformis are potential pathogenic free-living amoebae (fla) causing diseases such as keratitis, meningoencephalitis, and lung infections. we aimed to investigate the presence of vahlkampfiidae and v. vermiformis in raw vegetables commonly consumed in iran.methods: totally, 70 samples of vegetables samples including watercress (22), leeks (12), parsley (10), basil (13) and mint (13) were collected from municipal markets of tehran, the capital of iran during june to october 2021. after washing vegetables, samples were cultivated onto 2% non-nutrient agar (nna) medium. after morphological confirmations, dna was extracted and identical fragments of the fla were amplified and sequenced.results: out of 70 cultured samples, 11 samples (15.71 %) were morphologically positive, of which four and seven were v. vermiformis and vahlkampfiidae isolates, respectively. according to the pcr/sequencing results two, one, one, and one strains belonged to n. australiensis, n. americana, vahlkampfia sp., v. inornata, and t. aberdonicus, respectively. all vermamoeba genus were characterized as v. vermiformis.conclusion: the results of current study revealed the contamination of fresh raw vegetables with vahlkampfiidae and v. vermiformis. in addition, to our knowledge this is the first report of t. aberdonicus in raw vegetables. our findings highlight the public health importance of vegetables in transmission of fla, as well as the potential role of fla in transmission of potential pathogenic microorganisms via consuming of fresh raw vegetables.