what are the links of prostate cancer with physical activity and nutrition? : a systematic review article

Background: prostate cancer (pca) is the second most common malignancy in men worldwide. the purpose of this study was to provide a brief synthesis the current knowledge for the effects of physical activity (pa) and nutrition on pca risk. methods: a systematic review of english languages reviews, meta-analysis, and original articles published from 2009 to 2015 extracted from the following websites: medline, web of science, health source, science direct, and their references. results: the review of the literature led to the selection of 12 review or meta-analysis studies and 15 lately published observational studies. most of studies reported relationship of recreational and occupational pa and vegetables, fruits, vitamins, red/processed meats, and fats consumption with risk of pca. decreased risk for pca associated with exer-cise was reported in seven of the ten articles on this topic. the inverse association of vegetables and/or fruit intake with pca risk was reported in eight of 13 papers. the effect of meat/fat intake on pca was estimated in four articles finding increased risk. there was heterogeneity between studies, and findings are inconsistent. conclusion: physical activity does not significantly reduce the risk of pca; however, vigorous exercise may reduce the risk of aggressive tumor. besides, there is a lack of definitive evidence supporting the preventive role of diet against pca. due to many other benefits of regular moderate-vigorous pa and a diet high in vegetables and fruits and low in red/processed meats and fats, these lifestyle patterns may be recommended.