Employing forward osmosis technology through hybrid system configurations for the production of potable/pure water: A review

Forward osmosis (fo) technology has received increasing attention from many researchers since the last decade. it is an osmotically driven membrane process in which water migrates across a semi-permeable membrane from a lower osmotic pressure feed solution to a higher osmotic pressure draw solution. fo technology is often applied as a hybrid system rather than a standalone process. the purpose of this paper is to review the different types of hybrid system configurations employing fo technology for the production of potable/pure water. the integration of fo technology with other processes which include reverse osmosis,crystallisation,membrane bioreactor,nanofiltration,and electrodialysis are presented and described in-depth. with the flourishing of various fo hybrid system configurations,it is believed that fo technology will play a vital role in the water processing industry. © 2017 penerbit utm press. all rights reserved.