triple-negative breast cancer: emerging biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment

Breast cancer (bc) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by significant global mortality and incidence rates. annually, approximately 1 million cases of bc are diagnosed worldwide, with over 170,000 classified as triple-negative. triple-negative breast cancer (tnbc) is a particularly aggressive subtype lacking targeted therapeutic options, which contributes to poorer outcomes compared to other bc subtypes. the five-year survival rate for patients with tnbc is roughly 30% lower than that for patients with other subtypes. tnbc treatment options are limited to surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. there is a critical need for the development of targeted therapies. enhancing early detection through effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers can significantly improve survival rates. this review explores recent advancements in clinically relevant proteomic, genetic, and metabolomic biomarkers for tnbc, highlighting their potential roles as prognostic, diagnostic, and predictive markers that could facilitate personalized treatment approaches.