insight into the role of phytochemicals in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (tnbc) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer which is characterized by the absence of progesterone receptor, estrogen receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, thus, tnbc patient tumour does not respond to the endocrine therapy. tnbc is highly invasive, highly metastatic, and shows poor prognosis, recurrence, and short survival rate. surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are now used as treatments. despite the wide range of treatment choices, the main drawbacks of current therapies include drug resistance, decreased effectiveness, recurrence within 5 years, and a variety of side-effects. a unique targeted approach is therefore desperately required for the treatment of tnbc. researchers now have fresh perspectives on the tailored strategy for treating tnbc thanks to phytochemicals. phytochemicals have shown antiproliferative properties in tnbc and also overcome the drawbacks like recurrence, toxicity, adverse effect, and quality of life. this review highlights different phytochemicals and their potential to target signalling pathways and gene expression to induce apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of metastasis, and angiogenesis.