مفهوم خشونت در گفتمان با نگاهی به فیلم پنهان اثر میشائل هانکه

با وجود گستردگی طیف معانی گفتمان در نظریه‌های مختلف ادبی و فرهنگی، منظور مورد نظر این مقاله، گفتمان از منظر میشل فوکو است که به مجموعه‌ قواعد و ارزش‌های حاکم بر هر عصر که طی فرایند طرد و حذف حاکمیت یافته و حقیقی تلقی می‌شود، اطلاق می‌گردد. گفتمان در این مفهوم دربردارنده‌ی حذف‌ها و خشونت‌هایی است که از سوی ساختارهای قدرت اعمال شده و آن را مرزبندی می‌کنند. سینما به عنوان یکی از ابزراهای قدرت در القای گفتمان حاکم و روند انقیادسازی افراد نقش موثری داشته و با استفاده از مفاهیم خشونت‌آمیزی چون مونتاژ، نگاه خیره، مفهوم دوخت و به ویژه خاصیت آپاراتوسی، بیننده را به واقعی پنداشتن توهمات سینمایی وامی‌دارد. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی چگونگی کاستن ابعاد مختلف خشونت در فیلم پنهان با استفاده از کمترین تکنیک‌های خشونت‌آمیز سینمایی است. از این رو با استفاده از روش تحلیلی توصیفی و با تکیه بر مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای این نکته محرز شده است که فیلم پنهان، در پرداخت به خشونت روندی معکوس در پیش گرفته و این فرضیه‌ را به اثبات رسانیده که با پرهیز از به‌ کارگیری مفاهیم خشونت‌آمیز سینمایی تنها به نقد خشونت پرداخته است و خود حتی با نمایش صحنه‌های مختلف خشونت، فیلمی خشن محسوب نمی‌شود.

The Concept of Violence in Discourse with a View at Michael Haneke’s Hidden Movie

The present study focuses on the characteristic of “violence” in Haneke’s Hidden based on Foucauldian discourse analysis. This concept is based on a set of core societal values and conventions, in a certain era, that prevail through omissions and exclusions exerted by the power structures that constantly constrain the discourses. Foucault’s theories of power refer to a transformation of power during the 19th century in which power was transformed from physical violence and exertion onto a body into a psychological manipulation or power from within the body: violence that drives the individual to act willingly and voluntarily. This sense of power and violence can be traced in the cinema. According to the Foucauldian view of power tools, cinematography drastically imposes dominant discourses and subjugates the minds; cinema foists dramatized illusions as dominant meanings through the tricks such as montage, closeups, assembly, and gaze, and apparatus characteristics of the cinema. The authors examine using a descriptiveanalytical method and relying on library resources if Haneke’s Hidden is heavy on violence as the movie revolves around the problem of violence; and also, to what degree the minimal use of violencebearing cinematographic techniques mitigates the intensity of violence reflected in Haneke’s Hidden. Foucault’s ideas of discourse, the association between science and power, and concepts of ideology and truth are revisited; the authors discuss the subjectivity of violence and the structural violence in cinema. Whether a picture is classified as violent in the cinema depends on the audience’s perception and their notion of violence. The term violent is sometimes used to describe a variety of violent films as well as particular animated comedy programs for kids. The components of the concept of virtual violence, including cinematic behavior and stylistic domains, are defined. Subsequently, the concept of cinematic apparatus, namely the presentation of imaginary pictures as real, force the viewer to accept the delusion through the process of sewing.” In addition, apparatus properties of cinematography and its aggressive nature, and how the assembly technique imposes films delusions on viewers are met later. Hidden is analyzed with the emphasis on the Paris massacre of proNational Liberation Front Algerian demonstrators on October 17, 1961, French atrocities in occupied Algeria and normalization and internalization of segregation and racism discourses in thenFrench society. The movie involves the concept of fear of others, the promotion of alienation, isolation, and a lack of dialogue, which are effective in inciting violence and are highlighted by the use of the concept of cut or transition. The message of Haneke’s Hidden is explained through xenophobia where authors also suggest that Haneke uses long shots, flashbacks and transition techniques, and abstracts the apparatus state of cinema, in both content and form, to keep the distance between viewers and the movie, and further alleviate aggressive implications of cinema. The authors conclude that Hidden perversely approaches the violence and criticizes the violence without incorporating concepts of the aggressive essence; the movie, therefore, is not deemed violent despite several graphic scenes. Haneke’s Hidden eloquently tells the horrific inside story of violence and discourse, marginalization and exclusion with minimal demonstration of structural violence.