نخل بندی؛ نمونه ای از صحنه آرایی در حوزۀ فرهنگ ایران

هنر، بخش جدانشدنی از زندگی آدمی درگذر زمان است که از دیرباز در همۀ ابعاد زندگی اش نمودی آشکار داشته است. یکی از شاخص‌ترین وجوه آن، آراستن مجالس، محافل و انجام تزیینات مکان برگزاری مراسم بوده. این تزیینات گاه برای مجالس آیینی و دینی، گاه برای شادباش و سرگرمی و زمانی نیز برای عزا انجام می گیرد. با توجه به اشارات موجود در اسناد مکتوب، این نوع از مجلس‌آرایی‌ها درگذشته نیز کاربرد داشته و هر بخشی از آن تحت عنوان خاصی به اصناف مختلف و اساتید گوناگون مربوط می‌شده است. بر اساس مستندات موجود و با توجه به نزدیک‌تر شدن مرزهای هنر نسبت به هم می توان گفت که در برخی از این مراسم‌ها و مجالس، جلوه هایی از هنرهای نمایشی نیز متجلی بوده که به تعبیر امروزی، این نوع آرایش‌ها نقش صحنه آرایی را برای آن نمایش ایفا می کرده است. هدف این مقاله از یک‌سو آشنایی با موضوع نخل‌بندی و از سوی دیگر مرزبندی میان دو مفهوم نخل‌بندی و نخل‌گردانی است. نگارندگان در این پژوهش کوشیده‌اند تا با بررسی متون کهن و با روش توصیفی – تحلیلی، به شرح و چگونگی یکی از این شیوه های مجلس آرایی، در حوزۀ فرهنگ ایران بپردازند که با عنوان «نخل‌بندی» شناخته می شده است. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از پژوهش، چگونگی اجرای نخل‌بندی متاثر از زمان، مکان، طبقۀ اجتماعی و... بوده است.

Nakhlbandi; an example of scenic design in Iranian culture

Art is an inseparable part of life which manifests in all aspects of human life. One of the most significant manifestations of art is decoration of parlors, circles and venues for various kinds of ceremonies. In general, these decorations are occasionally performed for ritual and religious ceremonies, sometimes for festivals and entertainments, and sometimes for funerals or mourning rites. According to the resources studied in this paper, the above mentioned decorations have already been used and people employed them in various ceremonies and other aspects of life. EIn fact, every part of the decoration had specific title, and its construction was related to particular professions and different masters. According to the existing evidences used in this article, in some of these parlors and ceremonies you could see manifestations of the performing arts which could be counted as scenic design; needless to say that its performance could be influenced by various issues such as time, place and social class. In fact, this included construction for decoration and design of the venue. One type of decoration being used in the past was the art of Nakhl –bandī done by the Nakhl bands. They are made of wax, paper, fabric, mud, wood and all kinds of flowers, fruits and artificial trees with different colors and designs in order to beautifully decorate a place. To describe the words Nakhl band and Nakhl bandī in the verses where these exact terms have been used, some editors of the Davāvīn (poets collected lyrics) have briefly demonstrated them in the book margins and footnotes which we will mention in the article.  As for the terminology of this art, two groups have paid particular attention because these two words Nakhl band and Nakhl bandī (and other related terms) figured in verses and prose texts: the first group was lexicographers who explained the term because of its use in manuscripts, and the other, commentators and editors of poets who almost entirely gave a short and wrong description.We shall also remind that none of the studies conducted in Iran, focused on the scenic designs based on the history of performing art, music and other artistic performances have pointed to this issue as an example of stage design art. Although studies have been carried out independently on the issue of mourning and Nakhl gardānī, as we see later, the issue of Nakhlbandī and Nakhl –gardānī have been misinterpreted and have been considered as one. No independent research on the history of Nakhl bandi has been conducted, especially in the field of scenic design in Iranian culture; in fact, Nakhl bandī is considered as a forgotten art. Therefore, the main aim of this research is to clarify the dimensions of this old art and to answer literary, historical, and technical questions related to the profession of Nakhlbandī and explain the differences between Nakhlbandī and Nakhl –gardānī. This is a descriptive analytical research and is based on the data extracted from the manuscripts and collected from libraries.