تاثیر جانمایی حیاط بر آسایش حرارتی بیرونی در ساختمان‌های مسکونی میان مرتبۀ شهر شیراز

جانمایی حیاط در ساختمان‌های مسکونی، به‌ویژه در ارتباط با آسایش حرارتی فضاهای بیرونی، اهمیت بسیاری دارد. با وجود هشدارهای روزافزون دربارۀ گرمایش جهانی، این موضوع همچنان در طراحی‌های معماری مورد غفلت قرار می‌گیرد. این پژوهش در راستای پر کردن این شکاف، با استفاده از سامانۀ پسا اثبات‌گرا و ترکیب راهبردهای شبیه‌سازی، مطالعات میدانی و استدلال منطقی، بهینه‌سازی جانمایی حیاط در خانه‌های یک تا هفت ‌طبقۀ شهر شیراز را بررسی کرده است. متغیرهای مستقل شامل نوع و تناسبات ابعادی حیاط، جهت‌گیری ساختمان و تعداد طبقات و متغیرهای وابسته، درصد ساعات آسایش حرارتی در حیاط و پیاده‌رو بودند. بدین منظور، گونه‌های مختلف جانمایی حیاط با نرم‌افزار راینو و پلاگین گرس‌هاپر تولید و شبیه‌سازی‌های حرارتی با افزونۀ ابزارهای لیدی‌باگ انجام شد. فرایند بهینه‌یابی نیز با افزونۀ اختاپوس صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که جانمایی حیاط، در میان توده‌گذاری و در شرایطی­ که محور طولی آن، زاویۀ 100 درجه نسبت به خط افق داشته باشد، بیشترین درصد ساعات آسایش حرارتی بیرونی را فراهم می‌کند. در ساختمان‌های یک‌طبقه، زاویۀ 110 درجه مناسب‌تر بود. همچنین حیاط سراسری باید به‌نحوی قرار گیرد که عرض بخشی از توده در نزدیکی خیابان، حدود 22 % و عرض بخش دیگرش، حدود 38% طول زمین باشد.

the impact of courtyard layout on outdoor thermal comfort: a parametric study in mid-rise residential buildings in shiraz city

the spatial configuration of courtyards in residential buildings plays a crucial role in outdoor thermal comfort. courtyards, as passive cooling strategies, have been widely used in warm climates to enhance microclimatic conditions. however, despite growing global concerns about climate change, the role of courtyard placement in architectural design remains largely overlooked. many designers fail to account for the thermal performance of courtyard layouts, leading to inefficient designs that fail to maximize outdoor comfort.this research underscores the importance of integrating computational simulations and optimization techniques in architectural design for enhancing outdoor thermal comfort. the findings provide valuable insights for architects, urban planners, and policymakers seeking to develop climate-responsive residential buildings, particularly in warm and arid regions. by incorporating data-driven methods into courtyard placement, designers can contribute to more sustainable and thermally comfortable urban environments.this study aims to address this gap by employing a postpositivist research approach, integrating simulations, field studies, and logical reasoning to optimize courtyard placement in one- to seven-storey residential buildings in shiraz, iran. the independent variables considered in this research include courtyard type and dimensional proportions, building orientation, and the number of floors. the dependent variables are defined as the percentage of hours in which outdoor thermal comfort is achieved in the courtyard and the adjacent pedestrian walkway.to conduct the study, various courtyard configurations were generated using rhino software and the grasshopper plugin. thermal comfort simulations were then performed using the ladybug tools plugin, which provides detailed environmental analysis under different climatic scenarios. additionally, optimization was conducted using the octopus plugin, allowing for an iterative evaluation of courtyard layouts to determine the most effective configurations for maximizing outdoor thermal comfort percentage.the findings demonstrate that the optimal courtyard placement occurs when the courtyard is centrally positioned within the building mass and its main axis oriented at a 100-degree angle relative to the horizon. under these conditions, the courtyard achieves the highest percentage of hours with acceptable outdoor thermal comfort. this suggests that such a configuration effectively balances solar exposure and natural ventilation, reducing excessive heat accumulation in the courtyard area.however, for single-storey residential buildings, a slightly different configuration is recommended. an angle of 110 degrees proved to be more effective in maximizing thermal comfort in low-rise structures, indicating that optimal orientation is influenced by building height.furthermore, the study highlights the impact of mass distribution in courtyard configurations. specifically, the optimal placement involves allocating approximately 22% of the total lot length near the street, while the mass at the opposite end of the plot should occupy around 38% of the total site length. this distribution regulates airflow and optimizes shading, leading to improved microclimatic conditions in both the courtyard and the adjacent pedestrian areas.future studies should expand on these findings by incorporating additional factors such as vegetation, shading devices, and material properties to refine courtyard optimization strategies . moreover, applying similar methodologies to different climatic regions could provide comparative insights into how courtyard design principles can be adapted for various environmental conditions.