وارسی معماری دوره‌ی آغاز ایلامی و ایلامی به روایت تل ملیان به مثابه شهر کهن انشان در فارس

شهر انشان در حوضه‌ی رود کُر در فارس قلب سرزمین ایلامی است که شواهد برجسته‌ای از معماری دوره‌ی آغاز ایلامی و هزاره‌ی چهارم و سوم ق.م. نیز در آن وجود دارد. با وجود اهمیت این شهر، مطالعه‌ی دقیق یافته‌ها و آثار معماری آن به زبان فارسی در محوطه‌ی تل ملیان محدود است. این پژوهش پس از مطالعه‌ی منابع دست اول کاوش، شواهد یافته‌های کلیدی تل ملیان به مثابه شهر انشان همانند آجر و گل نوشته‌ها به خط میخی را واکاوی و بقایای معماری را در مقایسه‌ی با اشیاء یافت شده وارسی می‌کند. به طور ویژه وجود دیوار شهر، بافت مسکونی ممتاز و بناهای اداری-تجاری، بخش‌هایی همانند اتاق مرکزی با اجاق چسبیده به دیوار و ورودی در طرفین آن در قلب مجموعه‌ها، تزیینات و نقاشی دیواری رنگارنگ، هندسه راست گوشه و سازماندهی فضایی خطی، خشت چینی منتظم و دیوارهای پیوسته، بیانگر ساخت و ساز پیشرفته‌ی شهری و عملکرد فرامحلی تل ملیان در دوران آغاز ایلامی است. وجود بنای یادمانی با سازماندهی فضایی حیاط مرکزی و رواق در ایلام میانه و شواهد نظام ثبت تبادلات کالاهای فرامنطقه‌ای نمایانگر تکامل این شهر در دوران تمدن ایلام میانه است. با توجه به نبود بقایای معماری بر روی زمین این پژوهش به تک نگاری با مطالعه منابع دست اول باستان شناسی و تاریخی پرداخته است.

Examining the architecture of the proto Elamite and Elamite periods according to Tal-e-Malyan as ancient city of Anshan in Fars

The city of Anshan in the basin of the Kur River is the heart of the Elamite land during the late third millennium/early second millennium BC. However, there are important architectural remains in Proto Elamit period in this city During 34002800 B.C. as well. Numerous Elamite inscriptions found in Susa cited the Middle Elamite Empires, kings of Susa or Anshan. Although Susa has a continuity of accommodation during the preIslamic period and the site is well recognized, the exact location of Anshan was ambiguous. There were several discussions and assumptions about the location of the capital of Anshan (For example by Roman Ghirshman). After the excavations of William Sumner and Elizabeth Carter in 1970s, new findings specifically the Lambert brick, the Elamite Cuneiform inscriptions of clay tablets found in burned building of EDD operation and Elamite glazed clay knob, showed TalleMalyan is the city of Anshan. Despite the importance of this city and rich archeological resources in English, a careful study of its findings and architectural remains in the excavated area of TaleMalyan is limited in Persian. The research method is monograph and due to the lack of architectural remains on the ground, it has been done with the help of studying the firsthand sources such as monographs of (Sumner, 2003), (Nicolas, 1990), (Carter, 1996), (Miller, 2004), and (Alden, 2005). At first, evidences of city of Anshan found in Malyan were presented in archeological findings. Later, the plan of buildings were analyzed. Every important object or building division and details that were related to the rooms, open spaces and corridors of excavated plan such as copper objects or hearts were documented in analytic tables and were presented by color coding of the plans. In ABC, 4 building levels and in AUD, 3 building levels were examined in Proto Elamit period. In EDD, an important building with a corridor and central courtyard is examined in middle Elamite period. Findings showed that there are important evidences of advanced architectural remains in details, functions and divisions in Malyan, proper for an important city such as:1 A 20 m wide city wall that encloses a 200hectare area (Miller, Sumner, 2004) 2The highstatus residential area and commercialscale craft production and associated record keeping in proto Elamite period (Sumner, 2003) and extralocal trade in the Middle Elamite period (Carter, 1996). 3.Progress in architectural structure and space such as regular size mud brick, use of lime mortar, use of installationrelated details such as drainage pits, regular masonry work as perpendicular walls with bonded intersections, linear spatial organization, presence of decorated spaces with wall paintings, elaborated rooms with rectangular hearth in proto Elamite period. Two important features in Iranian architecture as central courtyard and a columned corridor around it which is common specifically in caravanserais of Sassanid period in found in burned building of Middle Elamite period in EDD operation which turn the origin of these two important features back to second millennium B.C. The research ends with a focus of the need to preserve Malyan as an important heritage of Proto Emlite and Elamite period.