کاربست تکنیک تفکّر خلّاق اسکمپر درآموزش هنر (مطالعه موردی: آموزش چاپ دستی)

چاپ دستی هنری است که تکنیک‌های مرتبط با ایده‌یابی و خلّاقیت از ملزوماتِ آموزش آن محسوب می‌شود. یکی از تکنیک‌های مطرح در ایده‌یابی، اسکمپر است که از حروف اوّل کلمات انگلیسیِ هفت واژه تشکیل شده است، که عبارت‌اند از: جایگزینی، ترکیب، سازگاری (انطباق)، تغییر دادن (بزرگ‌سازی/کوچک‌سازی)، استفاده در کاربرد دیگر، حذف کردن و معکوس کردن. لذا مسئلۀ بنیادینِ این پژوهش، واکاوی امکان تحقّق کاربست تکنیک تفکّر خلّاق اسکمپر در آموزش هنر و به‌طور خاص ‌در آموزش تکنیک‌های چاپ دستی است. از این‌رو، هدفِ پژوهشِ حاضر، امکان‌سنجیِ ارائۀ مدلی خلّاقانه در آموزش چاپ بر بنیان تکنیک اسکمپر است. این پژوهش، ‌مطالعه‌ای موردی محسوب می‌گردد و از منظر هدف، از یک سو جنبه‌ای بنیادین دارد و از سویی دیگر، با ساحتی کاربردی می‌تواند راهکارهایی عملی جهت آموزش هنر به‌دست دهد. همچنین، تحقیق حاضر از نظر ماهیّت،‌ کیفی و از نظر روش در حوزۀ تحقیقات توصیفی_تحلیلی درمی‌گنجد. این پژوهش با استفاده از روش جمع‌آوری اطّلاعات از نوع اسنادی (کتابخانه‌ای)، با بررسی کتب، مقالات و منابع معتبرِ مرتبط با خلّاقیت، آموزش و اسکمپر، به سنجش کاربست اسکمپر در آموزش تکنیک‌های چاپ دستی پرداخته است. بر این بنیان، بر اساس مصادیق عملی، فرضیۀ این پژوهش به این نظریه منتج شده است که تکنیک‌های اصلی چاپ دستی با بخش اعظمی از تکنیک‌های اسکمپر هم‌راستایی و هم‌پوشانی دارد و به‌طور گسترده‌ای در خصوص طیف قابل‌توجّهی از تکنیک‌های چاپ دستی قابل‌اجرا است.

studying the application of scamper creative thinking technique in art education (case study: teaching printmaking techniques)

print making is an art that creates a limited number of works that are done by hand in all different and complex stages of work, such as preparation, coloring, and printing operations. creativity and coincidence in manual printing are among the things that can happen in the process of preparation and execution of the works. given this, it is important to use some substantial, effective, practical ideas and techniques related to creativity in education. meanwhile, one of the prominent and important techniques in creativity and idea generation is scamper. scamper is a practical technique in the field of creative thinking, which can be effective in improving the teaching and learning process. the scamper technique consists of the first letters of seven english words, which are: substitute, combine, adapt, modify (magnify/minify), put to other use, eliminate, and reverse. therefore, the core question of this research becomes whether the creative thinking technique of scamper has the ability to be used in teaching different fields of art and specifically in teaching printmaking techniques. in some branches of art, especially manual printing, due to the need for a workshop, special tools, and specific conditions and necessities of execution, certain printing techniques either cannot be taught at all or come with serious difficulties, limitations, and special conditions hard to overcome. therefore, if creative methods can be implemented in the education process at all, different results with different implications will be created. accordingly, the aim of the current research is to investigate the feasibility of presenting a creative model in printmaking teaching and learning based on scamper creative thinking technique, which facilitates the learning conditions and processes without introducing any defect in the desired printing technique. in terms of approach, this research is considered a case study, and from the perspective of the research goal, on the one hand, it has a fundamental aspect and deals with theorizing in the field of art education, and on the other hand, it has a practical aspect and offers new practical solutions for art education. also, the present research is in the field of descriptive-analytical research in terms of nature, quality, and method. used data was collected through document and library research by examining books, articles, and both persian and particularly non-persian sources related to creativity, education, and scamper. finally, by examining and studying the case study of teaching manual printing techniques, the use of scamper in their teaching has been analyzed. by examining and analyzing the creative thinking technique of scamper regarding the main techniques of printmaking, it can be found that the scamper technique is aligned and overlaps with most of the techniques of printmaking. based on this, the claim and hypothesis of this research is that, based on practical examples, scamper is widely applicable across a very broad spectrum of manual printing techniques. therefore, the scamper technique can be used in various ways to improve teaching methods and foster creativity in art education and especially printmaking education and should be implemented as an effective instructional method.