زیباشناسی تصویر کارگر در آثار نقاشی سه دهه پایانی سده نوزدهم؛ تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی آثار ماکسیمیلیان لوس

منظور مارکس از توده ها، کارگران صنعتی به آگاهی رسیده ای بود که قادر به ایجاد تغییر در شرایط زندگی و در دست گرفتن چرخه تولید بودند. او صنعت ماشینی را عامل اصلی فاصله طبقاتی ندانسته و معتقد بود که تسلط طبقه قدرت بر تکنولوژی، ماهیت آن را به نفع خود تغییر داده است و کارگران قادر به تغییر شرایط موجود به شرایط مطلوب هستند. این پژوهش با طرح این پرسش که نقش آرای فلسفی مارکس در خلق آثار هنری مربوط به طبقه کارگر چیست؟  به بررسی مولفه های زیباشناسی تصویر کارگر در آثار نقاشی سه دهه پایانی سده نوزدهم پرداخته و بر این فرض استوار است که ساختار هنر در این برهه آغازی بر تاثیرپذیری هنر از فلسفه مارکس در حوزه ماشین، تکنولوژی و تشریح جامعه در دوران صنعت در حیطه کار و سرمایه بود. برای تبیین فرضیه، گفتمان آثار نقاشی ماکسیمیلیان لوس با موضوع کارگر مورد تحلیل انتقادی قرار گرفته است. آثاری که بازتابی از دو گانه آرای مارکس مبنی بر ظالمانه دانستن زندگی صنعتی و تاثیر منفی آن بر زندگی کارگران، و از سویی ضرورت وجود ماشین برای کاهش کار سخت در آرمان شهر او بود. این تحقیق بر اساس ماهیت و روش، توصیفی-تحلیلی و روش گردآوری اطلاعات به صورت کتابخانه ای است.

the aesthetics of the image of the worker in the paintings of the last three decades of the nineteenth century critical discourse analysis of the works of maximilian luce

marx meant of the masses, the industrial workers ofconsciousness who were able to change living conditions andcontrol the production cycle. he did not blame the machineindustry for the class gap, and argued that the dominance ofthe ruling class over technology had changed its nature in itsfavor. the difficult work, low wages and living problems ofthe workers, as the most important drivers of the industrial,production and economic cycle, have historically fueledlabor strikes and protests. class conflict and social injusticeresulting from capitalist domination led to struggles andstrikes of the working class, and these protests in 1864with the establishment of the first international workers’organization and finally in 1871 with the formation of thefirst workers’ commune government. meanwhile, the eventsof the last three decades of the nineteenth century turned artand literature into a platform for reflecting the social andpolitical conditions of the time. the works of art createdin this historical period narrate the critique and display ofdaily life, the problem of labor and injustice of the capitalistsociety, the life of working women and children, and thedescription of the demands and struggles of the workingsociety, their encouragement to reach a world withoutexploitation. the question that arises here is what is the roleof marx’s philosophical views in the creation and productionof works of art related to the working class? according tothe research, the structure of art in the last three decades ofthe nineteenth century was the beginning of the impact ofart on marx’s practical philosophy in the field of machine,technology, social relations and the description of societyin the machine in the field of labor and capital. accordingto marx, advanced machine tools did not cause a change insocial hierarchy and class distance, but rather the dominationof the ruling class over technology, which changed its naturein its favor. the approach of social art at this time was theworking class’s awareness of its situation, the departure fromperpetual passivity, the challenge of the dominant discourseand critique of capitalist society, and at the same time inthe late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the praiseof mechanism as a tool in it was to facilitate the life of theworkers and not as a tool in the monopoly of capitalism. toexplain the hypothesis, maximilian luce’s paintings havebeen read using norman fairclough’s theory of criticaldiscourse. according to the result, a critical reading ofloos’s paintings of workers working with machines sendsa message that reflects marx’s remarks about the effects ofmachines on modern industry, and his paintings criticize theexhausting industrial work of workers and at the same time,he admires the machine and new technology in advancinghuman goals. this research is considered as a basictheoretical research and based on its nature and method,it is descriptive-analytical and the method of collectinginformation is library.