تحلیل روان‌کاوانه فضای خالی در عکاسی انتزاعی مبتنی بر فضای بالقوه؛ مورد مطالعاتی: اوتا بارت

هنر انتزاعی، به‌عنوان بخش مهمی از هنر مدرن شکوفا شد و تاثیر زیادی بر آثار هنرمندان در رشته‌های مختلف گذاشت و سبب پیدایش آثار متنوعی گردید. انتزاع به‌عنوان یکی از مفاهیم هنر، در هنرهای تصویری، همان‌طور که انتظار می‌رود، اثری بصری دارد، اما در آثار عکاسی به‌واسطۀ دوربین وجوه نمایه‌ای و شمایلی، با چالش روبرو است. این مقاله با بهره‌گیری از روش گردآوری اسنادی و تحلیل کیفی، به‌دنبال معنای فضای خالی در تصاویر عکاسی مبتنی بر مفهوم روان‌کاوانه فضای بالقوه است. برای توضیح مفاهیم روان‌کاوانه، مدل‌های مختلفی از انتزاع در تصاویر بررسی می شود. در نهایت، یافته‌های بخش نظری در آثار عکاس معاصر آلمانی، اوتا بارت به‌دقت مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که فضا در آثار بارت همان مناظر شهری و داخلی  است که بر وی تاثیر روانی دارند، از این‌رو، با آن‌ها روبرو می‌شود و در آن‌ها فانتزی‌ها و خواسته‌های ناخودآگاه خود را نشان می‌دهد و با درونی کردن آن‌ها در قالب تجسم‌بخشی وارد شده و برای رسیدن به حالت یکپارچگی با آن‌ها، تلاش می‌کند. می‌توان گفت که کار بارت همانند آن‌چه وینیکات مطرح کرده، بازی با واقعیت است. این کار از اجرای شخصی او با فضای اطرافش، یعنی دنیای واقعی شروع می‌شود و به بازی بین جنبه‌های شمایلی و نمایه‌ای عکاسی تبدیل می‌گردد.

psychoanalytic analysis of empty space inabstract photography based on potential space; case study: uta barth

abstract art flourished as an essential part of modern art and significantly impacted artists’ works in various fields, leading to the emergence of multiple pieces. although these works differ in appearance in different media, the aesthetic features of abstract art can be seen in all of them. but at first, the relationship between photography and abstraction was paradoxical. because the photograph, as a representation of the real world, always had a reference to material value. with the advent of modernism in photography, abstraction especially entered art. abstraction in photography manifested itself in abstract forms, and in the first decades of photographic modernism flourished. this research will focus on the empty space in these images to analyze abstract photography. the studied perspective is a psychoanalytic analysis of the subject to achieve this. in this research, the psychological aspects of abstract images are addressed, and in this context, the relationship between abstract photography and the world within the artist will be determined. to explain this relationship, many concepts such as empty space and potential space, abstraction in photography, and especially space in the image need to be explained. next, the research will use the psychoanalytic concept of potential space to move to the psychoanalytic study of abstract photography to provide a model for reading abstract images. finally, the research uses the connection between abstraction, psychoanalysis, and photography to seek the concept of empty space in abstract photography with a psychoanalytic reading. the work of the contemporary german photographer uta barth will be examined as a research sample. uta barth’s focus and study are on translating photographic perception into human perception. barth often chooses specific and unknown subjects for photography that bear little resemblance to the real world; such as the deformation of white curtains in the rays of sunlight or a negative image of things. these themes are abstract and distorted in his works. accordingly, selecting this photographer as a research case will help study the concept of empty space in abstract photography from a psychoanalytic perspective. the present research is descriptive-analytical, and the method of collecting information is the library method, and in the analysis, a qualitative approach is used. also, to achieve theoretical foundations based on psychological theories, a psychoanalytic reading system of the image is explained. then, the theoretical framework is mounted on a research case, and the works of uta barth are analyzed as an example. this study shows that the space in uta barth’s works is the same urban and interior landscapes that have a psychological effect on him; therefore, he encounters them. in them, he expresses his subconscious fantasies and desires by internalizing them; he enters them in the form of visualization. and strives to achieve integration with them. it can be said that bart’s work, like that of winnicott, is an actual play. it starts with his performance with the space around him, the real world, and turns into a game between the iconic aspects and the photographic index.