سوگردانی از ساحت صنعت به ساحت هنر؛ امکان نجات بخش زمانه ما از نگاه هیدگر

هیدگر در رساله پرسش از تکنیک ضمن صحیح دانستن تعریف های موجودشناسانه از صنعت یعنی صنعت به مثابه مجموعه ابزارآلات و وسایل یا فعالیت هدفمند انسانی، معتقد است این تعریف ها به هیچ وجه ذات یا حقیقت صنعت را به دید نمی آورند. در نگاهی وجودشناسانه، وی صنعت را - به مانند هنر- نحوی انکشاف وجود به واسطه آدمی میداند و عقیده دارد برخلاف هنر که انکشافی به نحو پوئسیس یعنی تحقق حقیقت وجود در موجودات است، صنعت انکشافی به نحو گشتل یعنی ظاهرشدن موجوداتبه عنوان منابع قابل بهره برداری است. هیدگر در این رساله گشتل را تقدیر انکشاف در عصر کنونی دانسته و مخاطرات آن را برای زمانه ما برشمرده است. اما درعین حال بین سرنوشت و تقدیر تفاوت قائل شده و بر این باور است که چنانچه بشر امروز خطر گشتل را - که بیش از همه متوجه سرشت انسانیاش است - به عمق جان دریابد، سوگردان خواهد شد. به عقیده وی با سوگردانی یا چرخش به سوی وجود، نسبت آدمی با وجود - از بُعد ُ به قرب- تغییر خواهد کرد و امکان تغییر تقدیر زمانه - از گشتل به پوئسیس- و در نتیجه امکان نجات از خطر گشتل در عصر جدید ّ میسر خواهد شد.

Turning from Technic to Art; as the Savior of Our Age in Heidegger’s Philosophy*

In  The  Question  Concerning  Technology,   Heideggerconsiders the Ontical definitions of Technic   Technic asinstrrument or human activity   correct. But He believessuch definitions do not reveal the essence of Technic. Withan Ontological attitude, He views the Technic as a kind ofrevealing of Being , like the Art. However He believes UnlikeArt   that is a Poetical revealing, Technic is a Gestell   Typerevealing. In this Treatis, Heidegger considers Gestell asdestining of revealing in our age and describes it’s dangerto us. Heidegger considers the most important dangerof Gestell to be The absolutism of revealing of Being byhuman as a result of that The original and fundamental wayof revealing, Poiesis, has been forgotten and even revealingitself has become impossible. In such a situation, man alsounderstands his essence only as a subject of domination andhe does not remember his true dignity, which is the refugeof Being in beings Thus Heidegger considers the mostserious danger of Gestell to be the damage to the originalityof Dasein, which is the refuge of Being in beings and hebelieves that Poiesis, or in other words, the essence of artin our time can not be realized . According to Heidegger,the human race of our time has two ways forward in theface of such a situation. Or surrender to what is destinedto the status quo; Or, by reflecting on the essence of whatis dangerous to him, finds a way out of this situation.It can be said that Heidegger make a difference betweenfate and destiny. He believes if the man of our age find outdanger of Gestell  which has caused the most damage toits human essence  he will turn toward Beinh. Reflectingon the essence of Technic will lead one to go beyond theOntical view of Technic, that is, to understand Technic asan efficient human product and see it as it really is. Thatis, to understand Technic as a form of revealing. In thiscase, by transcending the beings and being in the opennessof Being,   which Heidegger refers to as Turning , Man’srelation to Being will change   from farness to nearnessand destining of revealing  from Gestell to Poiesis  willchange and consequently way out of Gestell’s danger willbe possible. In the sense that Being will be able to emergein a way other than Gestell. In fact, as a person turns aroundand settles in Being, his way of being will change from adomineering presence to a poetic presence and the originalform of revealing, Poesis, will be possible. In other words, itcan be said that by Turning, a person connects with his trueself and his way of being will change from inauthenticity toauthenticity. In such a case, Gestell will not rule as the onlyway to revealing and so   despite the presence   will not bedangerous to humans.