تاثیر مکتب نگارگری ترکمانان شیراز بر نگاره های نسخه نعمت نامه در هند (با رویکرد سپهر نشانه ای لوتمان)

از دیرباز دو تمدن بزرگ ایران و هند بارها در طول تاریخ، سنت‌های فرهنگی خود را‌ باهم به اشتراک گذاشته‌اند. نگارگری یکی از مقوله های هنری است که در این بین دستخوش تغییرات و امتزاج در ساختار و محتوای فرهنگی شده است. این مقاله، ضمن بررسی نسخه نعمت نامه، کتاب دستور آشپزی در هند که توسط نگارگران ایرانی مصور شده است، به تاثیرات ویژگی های هنر نگارگری مکتب ترکمانان شیراز بر این نسخه می پردازد. مسئله ای که در این پژوهش مطرح می شود این است که: چگونه می توان تاثیر نظام نشانه‌ای نگارگری مکتب ترکمانان شیراز بر نگاره های نسخه نعمت نامه در هند را با رویکرد سپهر نشانه ای مورد خوانش قرار داد؟ هدف مقاله ی حاضر این است تا مسئله ی تاثیر نگارگری دوره ی تیموری در تقابل با نگارگری هند موردبررسی قرار گیرد. روش تحقیق توصیفی تحلیلی با رویکرد نشانه شناسی فرهنگی لوتمان بوده و با استفاده از تطبیق هم‌زمانی ویژگی های نگاره های نعمت نامه و مکتب ترکمانان شیراز، به نشانه های تاثیرات ایران بر نگارگری هند اشاره کرده است. نتیجه پژوهش حاکی از آن است که نسخه نعمت نامه باقی مانده از دوره سلطان غیاث‌الدین، بیانگر حضور نقاشان و نگارگران ایرانی مکتب شیراز در دربار شاه ماندو است. تاثیرات ویژگی های نگارگری ترکمانان و انواع سبک آشپزی ایرانی در تصویر گری نعمت نامه حضوری پررنگ دارند.

The Impact of the Shiraz Turkmen School Painting on the NimatNameh Paintings in India (With the lutman’s semiosphere approach)

For many years, the two great civilizations of Iran and India have repeatedly shared their cultural traditions throughout history. This article, illustrates the book of the cooking NimatNameh in India, that illustrated by Iranian painters, deals with the effects of the painting in the school of Turkmens in Shiraz on this manuscript. The Ni‘matnāma is a late fifteenthcentury book of the recipes of the eccentric Sultan of Mandu (Madhya Pradesh), Ghiyath Shahi, collected and added to by his son and successor, Nasir Shah. It contains recipes for cooking a variety of delicacies and epicurean delights, as well as providing remedies and aphrodisiacs for the Sultan and his court. It also includes important sections on the preparation of betel leaves as well as advice on the logistics of hunting expeditions and warfare. The text provides a unique and tantalising account of rarified courtly life in a fifteenthcentury Indian Sultanate region. There is only one known copy of the Sultan’s Book of Delights in existence and it isheld in the Oriental and India Office Collections of the British Library. The manuscript is illustrated with fifty elegant miniature paintings, most of which show the Sultan, Ghiyath Shahi, observing the women of his court as they prepare and serve him various dishes. The book is fascinating in that the text documents a remarkable stage in the history of Indian cookery whilst the miniatures demonstrate the influence of imported Persian artists on the style of the Indian artists employed in Ghiyath Shahi’s academy. It now bears the title Ni‘matnāmai alDīn Shāhī. The work consists of recipes for food and drink, for the preparation and distillation of perfumes and essences and also for aphrodisiacs and remedies for illnesses the first few miniatures are painted in a distinctive Shiraz (Southern Iranian) style but, increasingly, the later illustrations show the indigenous styles of book painting found in Central and Western India. They are important as the earliest known example of miniature painting in an Islamic Deccani style. In addition, the text itself is a very early example of written Urdu. For the first time a facsimile of the original text is reproduced for a scholarly audience. Norah M.Titley, the British Library’s retired curator of illustrated Persian manuscripts, has translated this exquisite book. The problem in this study is: how can the reading of the sign language system of the School of Turkmen School in Shiraz be read on the illustrations of the cooking book paintings in India with a semiosphere approach? The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of the timurid painting in contrast to Indian painting in NimatNameh manuscript the method of research is descriptiveanalytical with the approach of cultural semiotics of Lutman. The result of the research suggests that the remaining version of Sultan GhiyathedDin’s period represents the presence of Iranian painters and painters in Shiraz at Shah Mandu’s court.