تحلیل گفتمان بیلبوردهای تجاری-تبلیغاتی از منظر تحلیل چند رسانه ای

هدف تحقیق حاضر تحلیل چندرسانه ای گفتمان تبلیغات تجاری بیلبوردها می باشد. از آنجا که در شرایط تجارت کنونی، تبلیغات امری ضروری است، اگر روش درستی برای تبلیغات در نظر گرفته نشود، به جای سودمند بودن می تواند زیانبار باشد. اطلاعات به روش میدانی و از طریق عکس برداری بیلبوردها‏ی سطح شهرهای شیراز و تهران مشاهده و جمع آوری شده است. تعداد 20 تصویر به طور کیفی و کمی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. داده‌ها بر اساس الگوی تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی سه بُعدی فرکلاف در بخش عوامل زبانی و الگوی تحلیل گفتمان ترکیبی کرس و ونلیوون (1996) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و نتایج تحلیل نشان داد 15% بیلبوردهای تبلیغاتی تحقیق حاضر نشان دهنده‌ی مولفه‌ی تقاضا هستند و 85% آنها دربرگیرنده‌ی مولفه‌ی ارایه می‌باشند این می‌تواند بدین معنی باشد که تبلیغات در ایران مستقل از تقاضا و خریدار به ارائه‌ی کالا می پردازد و لذا متقاضی چندانی برای جذب نخواهد داشت. نسبت 40% نمای نزدیک و 40% نمای متوسط نسبت به نمای دور نشان دهنده‌ی تمایل تبلیغات به ایجاد روابط صمیمانه‌ی فردی و اجتماعی تصویر تبلیغاتی با مخاطب می‌باشد. درصد صفر و عدم وجود تصویر با زاویه‌ی دوربین بالا بین داده‌های تحقیق حاضر نشان دهنده‌ی عدم تمایل تبلیغات در ایران به ارائه‌ی قدرت به تماشاگر است. 80% تصاویر تبلیغاتی با زاویه‌ی دوربین هم سطح و روبرو نشان‌گر دربرگیری و برابری با مخاطب می‌باشد آنچنان که تبلیغات خواستار این است که تماشاگر را برابر و دربرگیرنده بداند به عبارت دیگر تماشاگر را جزئی از تبلیغات می‌داند.

Multimedia Discourse Analysis of Tehran and Shiraz Commercial Billboards

1. IntroductionIn recent decades, social scientists have been increasingly interested in research that examines the role of language in creating reality around us. This interest has been associated with developments and new disciplines in the study of language use and its role in human societies. The present study investigates advertisements in the area of business. In today’s commercial world, advertisement is of paramount importance, which, if done improperly, can bring about detrimental effects rather than profits. The objectives of the present study are determining linguistic and visual factors employed in billboard texts, linguistic analysis of discourseoriented structures and presenting a practical discourse model of advertising using language. Since every organization benefiting from the propaganda tool try to attract public opinion to create a positive attitude toward itself, so access to the easiest, the most economic and effective method can be of great help to them. Because in regard to the commercial advertising billboards in Iran has not been so far a comprehensive study, an all inclusive research can provide the organizations with such solutions. So this research can be useful to factories, organizations, enterprises that tent to have the best billboards advertising in the city of all kinds of goods and services produced. The billboards developers and designers can also benefit of these solutions in their construct2. MethodologyIn this study, Tehran and Shiraz billboards are analyzed based on critical discourse analysis with emphasis on their positive and constructive dimensions and within the framework of Halliday 's textual analysis and multimodal discourse analysis. These billboards are examined according to their written text and color and the way their elements are arranged, as well as they are examined based on the location of the billboard, its height, two or threedimensional being, the size of writings, the shapes and other factors that affect the attention of passers.All billboards (37 cases) were photographed in Shiraz and Tehran. Among all, 20 billboards were chosen to be analyzed which were commercial and multimodal. Then due to the systematic approach of Fairclough, his threedimensional model was determined as the theoretical base of the research. But as the tools introduced by Fairclough are more suited to writing texts, by using social semiotics and applying Iedema, Rose and Kress and Van Leeuwen 's approaches and integrating these approaches in Fairclough threedimensional model, a good model is achieved for images or films ' analytics. 3. Results and DiscussionAfter linguistic analysis of data, they are compared with other advertising texts to evaluate their discursive level. In this kind of discourse, adjectives and adverbs are of the most use as well as the majority of sentences are stated in imperative or affirmative aspects. In fact, 79/1% of adjectives and 29/2% of adverbs were used. 25% are imperative sentences and 75% are affirmative. So it can be said that adjectives are used more to describe the product features in billboard advertising in Iran and the aspect of most sentences and semisentences is affirmative and not imperative.Data semiotic analysis based on critical discourse analysis examines two matters, that is, social distance and social relationships. According to the social distance in a visual semiotic system, people who appear in the distant are considered as strangers and people with closeshow are subjects that are considered as part of us and social relationships have different meanings based on camera angle, and upward or downward look at subjects. Looking from above at someone means applying symbolic power on him or her. The viewer 's look from the bottom to up shows that the person displayed has a symbolic power on the viewer. Look into the eyes of the same level represents equality. 15 %of these research advetising billboards show the demand element and 85% the supply one. This means that advertisment in Iran is presented quite independently of demand and the customer and so there is not enough customers to be attracted. The ratio of 40% close up and 40% medium shot to the distant view reflects a desire to establish friendly individual and social relations between advertising promotional images with the audience. The zero percent and the lack of image with high camera angles in data indicates a lack of interest in Iran advertising to provide power to the spectator.80% of advertising pictures with the same level and across from camera angel detects the inclusivity and the equality of the audience so that the advertisements tends to consider the spectator as a part of advertisement.4. ConclusionThe linguistic and visual elements influence the word selection and sentence grammatical structure that is the verbal arrangement. That is why the advertisements try to affect the customer mind to change his or her view on its side. Deep analyzing the discourses, we can find out the concealed ideas in them. To do so, examining a number of billboards, we tried to detect their concealed signs and discursive practices. So the research data are analyzed based on the integrated model of this research. Analyzing the elements used by the advertisements for customer attraction shows that how advertisements change the audience attitude and how highlights a matter. This research is one of the first attempts in Iran to provide a practical model to study advertising discourse. This pattern is in the early stages and should be perfected with using other components of sociological and semantic. Fairclough 's threedimensional pattern in combination with Iedema, Rose, Van Leeuwen and Kress can be capable in the analysis of verbal and visual elements to some extents, but there is still a need for a more perfected modle in this field.