گزارشی از چگونگی اختلالات گفتاری یک بیمار سه زبانه ی مبتلا به زبان پریشی بروکا (با انجام آزمون Bat)

مقاله ی حاضر، گزارشی است از نتایج انجام بخشی از آزمون زبان پریشی دوزبانگی (bat) بر روی یک بیمار سه زبانه (زبان اول: آلمانی، زبان دوم، فارسی و زبان سوم: انگلیسی) مبتلا به زبان پریشی بروکا. به منظور ارزیابی سه سطح واج شناسی، نحو و واژگان در وضعیت کنونی این سه زبان، نمونه های گفتاری بیمار از مهارت های «تکرار» و «خواندن» در هر سه زبان مذکور، ضبط شده (بیمار فاقد گفتار فی البداهه می باشد) و پس از ثبت تفصیلی و آوانگاری، مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته اند. با توجه به این که بیمار، 11 سال است که در ایران، یعنی محیط زبان دومش زندگی می کند (و انتظار می رود نتایج آزمون مربوط به l2 بهتر از دو زبان دیگر باشد)، اما گفتار وی در زبان آلمانی و در هر 3 سطح زبانی مذکور، نسبت به دو زبان دیگر آسیب دیدگی کمتری را نشان می دهد. به طور کلی، با توجه به آسیب دیدگی سه زبان بیمار در هر 3 سطح گفتاری مذکور، چگونگی ویژگی های گفتاری این بیمار زبان پریش موید نتایج تحقیقات گذشته در مورد اختلالات مربوط به زبان پریشی بروکا می باشد. از آن جمله، وجود عمده ی اختلالات در بخش نحو و به ویژه، حذف حرف تعریف، حرف ربط و اضافه؛ گفتار تلگرافی و ناقص، اما بیان واژه های کلیدی و محتوایی هر جمله به منظور رساندن پیام؛ کوتاه کردن خوشه های همخوانی و لکنت را می توان برشمرد.

A Report of Bilingual Aphasia Test on a Trilingual Broca 's Aphasic Patient 's Speech (A Case Study)

1. IntroductionThis paper presents the report of Bilingual Aphasia Test (BAT) on a trilingual (GermanL1, PersianL2 & EnglishL3) aphasic patient 's speech disorders. Having had a precise neurological report that has been done in a neurology clinic (including the patient 's type of aphasia that has been described as Broca, the exact size and locations of his traumatism, his age in acquiring each language in his life before the accident, his level of education, …), a detailed linguistic analysis of his speaking disorders has been carried out. 2. MethodologyTo assess the current condition of the patient 's amount of impairment and disorders in the levels of phonology, syntax and lexicon, Bilingual Aphasia Testpart B has been used to determine the amount of his speech abilities through the linguistic skills of repetition and reading (applying repetition and reading skills is in that, he is not able to speak spontaneously fluently) in his three languages through comparison of them, EnglishFarsi, GermanFarsi and GermanEnglish after analyzing the transcriptions, linguistically in both qualitative and quantitative methods. In the quantitative way, sores are based on 10 points and their percentage; and in the qualitative method (according to Garman, 1990), the achieved scores have been interpreted into a description by using some expressions such as, very good, good, with difficulty or with a lot of difficulties. 3. Results and DiscussionAccording to the gained scores, it is concluded that:A.The patient 's speaking skill in three levels (phonology, syntax and lexicon) of his three known languages in average is 72.7 % in German, 59% in Farsi, 59.7% in English. Also, the mean percentage of each level in three languages is 85.3% in phonology, 56% in syntax and 78% in lexicon. B.According to the test 's results, the patient speaking is impaired in his three languages. It could be interpreted qualitatively (based on Garman, 1990: scores higher than 80 percent mean very good , scores between 7580 percent indicate good , scores of 7075 percent mean with difficulty , and less than 70 percent signify with a lot of difficulties . The gained scores ' could be interpreted as: very good in the level of phonology in his three languages (German, Farsi and English); in syntax the scores are different: good in German, but with a lot of difficulties in Farsi and English. And the level of his lexicon in German is very good while it is with difficulty in both Farsi and English. Generally, the least problem was seen in the phonology part, and the most problems in syntax. This trend is the same in his three languages. C.In spite of differences in the features and elements of agrammatism in three languages, constant omissions of the grammatical elements are observed (especially free functional morphemes) as their similarity. A few substitutions were observed as well. Some difficulties such as substitution and addition had been known as Wernicke 's features in other researches; however, they were seen in this Broca 's patient through evaluation. D.His nonfluent speech in three languages is along with omissions or shortening of consonant clusters especially in the words having more than one syllable.E.Comparing the results of test on three levels his known three languages shows that there is not a significant difference in the speech ability of the levels of phonology and lexicon between three languages (only 510 percent difference), but the percentage of his correct answers related to the applied test in syntax is much better in German than two other languages, i.e. Farsi and English (with 30 percent difference).4. ConclusionThis case study was done 11 years after the patient 's brain stroke and he was living in his L2 environment (Farsi) during those years (He is bigeneric: GermanPersian, he had lived in Germany before the accident). It was expected and hypothesized that he be fluent or much better in his L2 i.e. Farsi because of living his last eleven years (after the accident until now) in Iran. However, the BAT results showed the better performance of him in German, L1, that is his first language, and his dominant language before stroke. It must be mentioned that some other studies on multilingual aphasic patients shows the dominancy of their L2 or L3 after the brain stroke, quite the contrary in this study. Ultimately, the results of this case study have proved the previous researchers ' conclusions on Broca 's impairments. The main disorders of his speech could be named as 1) syntactic deficiencies such as, omitting articles, prepositions, and conjunctions; 2) telegraphic and incomplete speech by producing the key or content words; 3) omission or shortening the consonant clusters, and at last 4) stuttering.