سبک شدن فعل سنگین: مطالعه‌ی موردی فعل «دادن» در چارچوب معنی‌شناسی شناختی

ساخت‌های سبک و مرکب در زبان فارسی بسیار فراوان هستند به گونه‌ای که یک فعل سنگین می‌تواند به عنوان فعل سبک در ساخت‌های متعددی حضور داشته باشد. این مسئله باعث می‌شود که فعل سنگین بخشی از معنی اصلی خود را در این ساخت‌ها از دست بدهد و از معنی سرنمون خود دور شود. با این حال، سبک شدن به معنی آن نیست که نتوان روابط نظام‌مندی را میان فعل سنگین و فعل سبک متناظر آن جست‌وجو کرد. هدف نوشتار حاضر بررسی این روابط در ارتباط با فعل سنگین «دادن» و ساخت‌های سبک حاصل از آن است. بررسی نمونه‌هایی از این ساخت‌ها در چارچوب کلی معنی‌شناسی شناختی نشان می دهد که کاربردهای سبک «دادن» تا حد زیادی تابع ساختار معنایی این فعل هستند. حضور جنبه‌های مختلف این ساختار معنایی در ساخت‌های سبک را می‌توان حاکی از آن دانست که سبک شدن فعل «دادن»، تا حد زیادی نظام‌مند بوده و تا چه حدی بر اساس انگیزه‌های شناختی قابل توضیح و تبیین است.

From Heavy to Light Verb: The Case of dâdӕn (‘to give’) in Persian Based on the Cognitive Semantics

Extended abstract;1. Introduction;Light verb constructions (LVCs) are so pervasive in Persian that a heavy verb may act in various constructions as a light verb (LV). This makes the heavy verb lose some parts of its main meaning in such constructions and get away from its prototype meaning. However, this does not imply that no systematic relationship can be found between the heavy verb and its light counterpart. The purpose of this paper is to explore these relationships among the heavy verb, dâdӕn (to give), and the resulting LVCs. ;2. Theoretical Framework;The framework adopted in this study is cognitive semantics in general and cognitive lexical semantics and forcedynamics in particular. Cognitive lexical semantics consists of various theories including prototype categorization, image schemas, conceptual metaphor and foregrounding. According to this approach, different meanings of a word form a semantic category whose semantic similarities and commonalities are greater in more central meanings than in more peripheral ones. Moreover, the relationships among these meanings may be explained in terms of conceptual metaphor, image schemas and foregrounding. LVs also form a network of related meanings that could be explained in this way. Another concept is forcedynamics which deals with interaction of entities in relation to force. Regarding the LVCs, it is assumed that the characteristics of the interactions of the forces of heavy verbs would be preserved in LVCs. These may include the source of energy, its direction and the recipient of the energy. For example, if a heavy verb denotes a selforiented action, light uses also refer to a selforiented event. ;3. Methodology;This paper is a descriptiveanalytical study. The data included LVCs using the verb dâdӕn and were collected from various library resources and previous studies. To analyze the data, first the semantic structure of the heavy verb, dâdӕn, was examined based on the Newman (1996)’s model and various aspects of this structure was identified. Then, drawing on the principles of cognitive lexical semantics, the light uses of dâdӕn and their relations to the components of the semantic structure of the heavy verb were established. Furthermore, the forcedynamics of the heavy verb dâdӕn and its traces in the light uses were examined. As a result, the ways dâdӕn could be lightened were discussed and characterized in different categories.;4. Results and Discussion;LVCs maintain one or more semantic aspects of the heavy verb dâdӕn. The concept of “interpersonal communication” can be accounted for by the metaphoric mapping between elements of communication and the conduit metaphor. “Causality” is directly related to literal transfer of objects into the receiver’s control domain and the control aspect is associated with the concepts of “permission” or “strength” in LVCs. Moreover, control domain may be related to the concepts such as “emergence” of a phenomenon. Concerning the forcedynamic properties, light uses of dâdӕn mostly tend to keep these properties as otheroriented outward actions.;5. Conclusion and Suggestions;At first it seems that the heavy verb, dâdӕn, has a simple structure and its main parts consist of a sender, an object, and a receiver. However, there are more to this structure such as control domain, forcedynamics, and transfer. The light uses of dâdӕn are systematically related to various aspects of the semantic structure of the heavy dâdӕn. In other words, these literal aspects are mapped onto more metaphorical concepts such as causality which is one of the most common concepts expressed by the light dâdӕn. This means that the light dâdӕn has turned into a causal verb in the process of losing the meaning of its prototype as a heavy verb. This may be directly a function of the forcedynamics of heavy dâdӕn which similar to a causative verb, expresses actions towards other entities. In other words, transfer or imposition of a state on an entity is perceived as transfer of an object to a receiver.