production of cartilaginous organoids: potential opportunities and challenges, a review article

Damaged articular cartilage has limited self-healing potential and often leads to osteoarthritis (oa), pain, anddysfunction of the affected joint. autologous and allogenic transplants cannot fully meet the needs of clinical treatment.two dimensional (2d) and three-dimensional (3d) cell cultures can help to study growth modeling and physiologicalcharacteristics of the human body. among the problems that 2d and single-layer cultures have the lack of proper andaccurate tissue modeling and the lack of tissue complications similar is to the original tissue. with organoid models,cellular and tissue structural studies and functional and physiological studies of tissues have been revolutionizedand more accurate. organoids are useful for studying repair and drug efficacy. physiological and pathological investigations by combining in vitro and in vivo methods have become more effective today. the purpose of this studyis to investigate the factors involved in the formation of cartilage organoids so that we can introduce the best methodof organoid production for the healing of cartilage damage by using cell types and organoid model.