vulnerability of the male reproductive system to sars-cov-2 invasion: potential role for the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone grp78/hspa5/bip

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) may adversely affect male reproductive tissues and male fertility. this concern is elicited by the higher susceptibility and mortality rate of men to the sars-cov-2 mediated coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19), compared to the women. sars-cov-2 enters host cells after binding to a functional receptor named angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ace2) and then replicates in the host cells and gets released into the plasma. sars-covs use the endoplasmic reticulum (er) as a site for viral protein synthesis and processing, as well as glucose-regulated protein 78 (grp78) is a key er chaperone involved in protein folding by preventing newly synthesized proteins from aggregation. therefore, we analyzed grp78 expression in various human organs, particularly male reproductive organs, using broad institute cancer cell line encyclopedia (ccle), the genotype-tissue expression (gtex), and human protein atlas online datasets. grp78 is expressed in male reproductive tissues such as the testis, epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicle. it can facilitate the coronavirus entry into the male reproductive tract, providing an opportunity for its replication. this link between the sars-cov-2 and the grp78 protein could become a therapeutic target to mitigate its harmful effects on male fertility.