care of the athlete with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a clinical review

Context: type 1 diabetes mellitus (t1dm) results from a highly specific immunemediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, resulting in chronic hyperglycemia. for many years, one of the mainstays of therapy for patients with t1dm has been exercise balanced with appropriate medications and medical nutrition. compared to healthy peers, athletes with t1dm experience nearly all the same health-related benefits from exercise. despite these benefits, effective management of the t1dm athlete is a constant challenge due to various concerns such as the increased risk of hypoglycemia. this review seeks to summarize the available literature and aid clinicians in clinical decisionmaking for this patient population. evidence acquisition: pubmed searches were conducted for type 1 diabetes mellitus and athlete along with type 1 diabetes mellitus and exercise from database inception through november 2015. all articles identified by this search were reviewed if the article text was available in english and related to management of athletes with type 1 diabetes mellitus. subsequent reference searches of retrieved articles yielded additional literature included in this review. results: the majority of current literature available exists as recommendations, review articles, or proposed societal guidelines, with less prospective or higherorder treatment studies available. the available literature is presented objectively with an attempt to describe clinically relevant trends and findings in the management of athletes living with t1dm. conclusions: managing t1dm in the context of exercise or athletic competition is a challenging but important skill for athletes living with this disease. a proper understanding of the hormonal milieu during exercise, special nutritional needs, glycemic control, necessary insulin dosing adjustments, and prevention/management strategies for exercise-related complications can lead to successful care plans for these patients. individualized management strategies should be created with close cooperation between the t1dm athlete and their healthcare team (including a physician and dietitian).