effects of sowing season and method on seedling emergence and survival rate of vicia variabilis in kermanshah, iran

This study aimed to evaluate the sowing season and sowing methods for vicia variabilis using split plot design based on completely randomized block with three replications in meleh-kabud, gahvareh, and kermanshah, iran during 2016-17. the first factor was sowing season (spring and autumn) and the second one was sowing method (row sowing and scatter sowing). result showed that sowing method had a significant effect on seedling emergence percent (p<0.01). means of this trait were 19.96% and 2.61 at row sowing and scatter sowing, respectively. similarly, effects of both factors and their interaction were significant on survival rate (p<0.01). the higher value of survival rate as 22.6% was obtained in row sowing method in spring. it was concluded that row sowing is an optimal method in early spring for rangelands improvement in kermanshah province, iran.