stochastic analysis of reverse fault rupture hazards in tunnels considering soil parameter uncertainties

In an era where underground transportation infrastructure is increasingly vital, the construction of tunnels across fault lines has become a necessary challenge. this study addresses the critical issue of assessing the impact of fault ruptures on shallow tunnels, with a particular emphasis on the variability of soil parameters. we employ the stochastic finite element method (sfem), providing a robust framework for simulating the unpredictable nature of soil properties in shallow tunnels under the impacts of surface fault rupture hazards. our approach highlights the significant influence of soil parameter variations in the analysis of tunnel vulnerability during fault ruptures. the findings offer valuable insights for the design and safety assessment of tunnels in seismically active regions, contributing to the advancement of geotechnical engineering practices in the context of fault rupture hazards. specifically, the maximum stress values demonstrated substantial increases of 77 and 100% when compared to the 0.5-meter case for the 1.0-meter and 2.0-meter scenarios, respectively.