the capability assessment of ekf scheme in tracking leo space debris through an optical space-based space surveillance network flying in an ath constellation

Orbital debris in low earth orbit (leo), especially in sun-synchronous orbits (ssos), poses a critical threat to space sustainability. while collision avoidance maneuvers (cams) are widely used, their effectiveness relies on precise debris observation, which current systems struggle to achieve for objects under 10 cm. this study evaluates an in-orbit debris surveillance network using distributed optical sensors aboard an above-the-horizon (ath) constellation designed for leo. employing an extended kalman filter (ekf) for robust orbit determination and tracking, the system aims to enhance initial orbit accuracy, observation opportunities, and tracking reliability. detailed analysis of the stochastic orbital model, measurement equations, and ekf configuration is provided. simulations conducted in this research reveal the proposed approach achieves superior accuracy and stability under varying initial errors, data intervals, and sensor noise, establishing its viability as a reliable solution to leo debris challenges. this framework paves the way for scalable and efficient orbital debris management, ensuring safer and more sustainable use of leo for future missions.