اثرات پایین به بالای کودهای مختلف بر تغییرات جدول زندگی دو جنسی کفشدوزک دو نقطه‌ای، adalia bipunctata l.

کفشدوزک شکارگرadalia bipunctata l. گونه‌ی چند‌خوار است که عمدتاً از شته‌ها از جمله شته سبز هلو،myzus persicae (sulzer) ، تغذیه می‌کند. شته سبز هلو حشره‌ای چندخوار می‌باشد که در گلخانه و مزارع به تعداد زیادی از محصولات خسارت می‌زند. در پژوهش حاضر، تاثیر محلول‌پاشی سولفات روی بر گیاه و افزودن کود آلی ورمی‌کمپوست 30 درصد و کودهای زیستی bacillus subtilis، pseudomonas fluorescens، glomus intraradices، g. intraradices× b. subtilis و g. intraradices×p. fluorescens به بستر بذری گیاه فلفل دلمه‌ای مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. فراسنجه‌های دموگرافی شکارگر در شرایط آزمایشگاهی با دمای 2±25 درجه سلسیوس، رطوبت نسبی 5±65 درصد و دوره‌ی نوری 16 ساعت روشنایی و 8 ساعت تاریکی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. کوتاه‌ترین دوره تخم‌ریزی در تیمارهای ورمی‌کمپوست 30 درصد (27.18 روز)، سولفات روی (28.36 روز) و شاهد (28.73 روز) و طولانی‌ترین دوره در تیمارb. subtilis (34.91 روز) ثبت گردید. بیشترین و کمترین امید زندگی شکارگر به ترتیب روی تیمارهای b. subtilis(47.10 روز) و ورمی‌کمپوست 30 درصد (38.63 روز) مشاهده شد. همچنین، بیشترین و کمترین مقدار فراسنجه نرخ خالص تولید مثل (r0)کفشدوزک a. bipunctata به ترتیب در b. subtilis (131.65 نتاج) و ورمی‌کمپوست 30 درصد (71.22 نتاج) به دست آمد. کمترین مقدار فراسنجه نرخ ذاتی افزایش جمعیت (r)کفشدوزک a. bipunctataدر ورمی‌کمپوست 30 درصد (0.1179 بر روز) و بیشترین مقادیر آن به ترتیب در تیمارهای b. subtilis، سولفات روی، g. intraradices× b. subtilis و p. fluorescens (به ترتیب 0.1444، 0.1426، 0.1425 و 0.1408 بر روز) مشاهده شد. بنابراین، تیمارکردن بذر با کودهای زیستی (p. fluorescens و b. subtilis) روی فراسنجه‌های مورد بررسی شکارگر تاثیر مثبت و معنی‌داری داشته و می‌توان در کنترل بیولوژیک شته سبز هلو از آنها استفاده نمود.

bottom-up effects of different fertilizer on changes in the two sex life table of the ladybug beetle adalia bipunctata l.

background and objectivesthe widespread use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers remains essential in modern agriculture; however, their excessive application poses significant environmental and human health risks. consequently, alternative pest management strategies, such as host plant resistance and biological control, have gained increasing attention. one promising avenue of research explores the role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) fertilizers in integrated pest management (ipm). pgpr fertilizers improve plant quality by improving nutrient availability, facilitating nitrogen fixation, and regulating key signaling pathways. rhizobacteria contribute to plant defense against herbivorous insects through two primary mechanisms: direct defense, involving the release of insect-deterring proteins, and indirect defense, wherein dilute volatile compounds attract natural enemies of insect pests. induced systemic resistance (isr) has been shown to significantly reduce pest populations, reinforcing the role of plant resistance in ipm strategies. beyond host plant resistance, biological control is widely regarded as a crucial component of ipm programs. predatory coccinellids have garnered global interest among biological control agents due to their potential in managing diverse populations of sap-sucking pests. the predatory ladybird beetle, adalia bipunctata l., is a polyphagous species that primarily prey on aphids, with a particular preference for the green peach aphid, myzus persicae (sulzer), a highly polyphagous pest responsible for significant damage to numerous field and greenhouse crops. this study aims to assess the demographic parameters of a. bipunctata, a natural predator of m. persicae when reared on bell pepper plants and treated with different plant growth stimulants. the findings could provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of biological control agents as a sustainable strategy for reducing m. persicae populations and mitigating crop damage.materials and methodsin this study, the effects of zinc sulfate foliar application and the incorporation of organic fertilizer (30% vermicompost) and biological fertilizers (bacillus subtilis, pseudomonas fluorescens, glomus intraradices, g. intraradices × b. subtilis, and g. intraradices × p. fluorescens) into the growth medium of bell pepper plants were investigated. the demographic parameters of the predatory ladybird beetle, adalia bipunctata, were examined under controlled laboratory conditions at 25 ± 2°c, 65 ± 5% relative humidity, and a 16l:8d photoperiod. the experiment followed a completely randomized design (crd) with seven treatments and a control. pairs of male and female a. bipunctata were selected, and 100 eggs were incubated in plastic petri dishes. the larvae were fed on myzus persicae and subjected to the respective treatments, with results compared against the control. the developmental parameters of immature stages, including molting, larval growth, pupation, and survival rates, were recorded. after adulthood, beetles were transferred to fresh containers with host plant leaves and aphid prey. key reproductive and population parameters were analyzed, including oviposition rate, age-specific fecundity, survival rate, life expectancy, and demographic indices. data were processed using the age-stage, two-sex life table approach. treatment means were compared using the paired bootstrap test, with statistical analyses performed using twosex-mschart software.