strain/stress self-sensing precast-box culvert: smart element design, and experimental verification

The present study involves the smart precast box culvert, which can sense the strain and stress achieved based on the fiber optic sensor embedded into the fiber-reinforced polymer. these culverts (2.00 × 2.00 × 2.00 m) was investigated experimentally with different seven trial load tests subject to join the dual box culvert using two steel strand and two smart steel strand (ch2&ch3) which is connected to fiber-reinforced polymer strain sensor for analyzing deformation sensor, line load strain, stress region, and stress–strain self-sensing of the culverts. from the monitored results in this self-sensing static load test, the maximum deformation sensor was 131.75 µɛ at the lower smart steel strand (ch3) and the cracks (0.10 mm) initiated on the roof slab of the culverts for a specimen due to bending moment in the culvert not exceeded its moment capacity because the applied load was smaller than the ultimate load. this paper proposes a series of fiber-reinforced polymer strain sensors to connect to the smart strand to completely meet the culvert’s requirements, and their sensing performance is come out. this study, therefore, implied that the experimental finding of the fiber-reinforced polymer strain sensors has the potential to monitor the structural health over time.