دراسه الحال وواوها من منطلق معانی النحو للجرجانی

The ‘hal’ is one of the chapters in arabic syntax (nahw) that has miscellaneous forms, sometimes it is singular, sometimes it is a sentence, sometimes it accompanies ‘waw hal’, and occasionally without it. converging it with ‘waw hal’ is sometimes essential, sometimes optional, and sometimes not allowed. from the superficial perspective, it is believed that considerable of these sorts of ‘hal’ are not separate from each other, and there is a familiar connection between them to the extent that they can be used interchangeably. but the fact is that each of these kinds conveys a subtle and delicate meaning that the other sort does not convey such a meaning, and these slight differences are investigated in the shadow of ma’ani al-naḥw and not in educational syntax.the first person who pointed out the ma’ani al-naḥw was abd al-qahir al-jurjani. he thought that the phrases in the sentence connected in a way that pointed to the declaration of purpose and the hierarchy of expressions in speech is according to their order inside. the ranking of meanings is formed at first in the inner self, and the words arrive according to the same order. in acquisition, this ranking relies on a kind of selection of the horizontal and vertical discourses. the arrangement formed between them and the configuration of the speech upgraded from the regular tier to the artistic level, which helps in the best way to reveal the purpose. thus, this study aims to respond to this query or queries based on the ma’ani al-naḥw of jurjani using a descriptive and analytical method. the research question is: why sometimes is the ‘hal’ conjugated with ‘waw’ and occasionally it is not conjugated, and what is the difference between the singular hal and the sentence ‘hal’?sometimes the ‘hal’ is dependent on the forenamed sentence, such as the singular ‘hal’ or ‘hal’ comes with the present tense verb, such as:«جاء زیدٌ مسرعا»zayd came running.«جاء زیدٌ یسرع»zayd came while running.in these cases, the occurrence of the ‘hal’ is accompanied by its representative, and sometimes the ‘hal’ comes independently from the forenamed sentence, such as:«جاء زیدٌ و هو یسرع»zayd came while having runes.for example, if there is no waw hal, it cannot be investigated that there is a temporal connection between the hal and the forenamed sentence, so it may be assumed that the sentence is new. therefore, waw hal arrives to convey the time connection, that is, the hal sentence has appeared independently, while the previous sentence has occurred.based on this, the hal has three circumstances:essential: like the hal’s that starts with the possessive pronoun:«جاء زیدٌ و هو مسرعٌ»zayd came with a run.or the sentences that are without the possessive pronoun:«جاء زیدٌ و السماء ممطر»zayd came while the sky was raining.and the hal of the present tense verb that arrives with the letter qad (قد).in these sentence models, since the establishment of the hal is independent, the presence of the hal is essential to demonstrate the link between the two sentences. if there is no waw hal, it may be considered a forming sentence.not-allowed: such as the singular hal or the hal of a present tense verb that cannot be conjugated with waw hal due to its dependence on the forenamed sentence.optional: except for matters a and b, the conjugation of the other hals with waw hal is optional, such as:«جاء زیدٌ سیفه علی کتفه»zayd came with his sword on his armpit.or:«جاء زیدٌ و سیفه علی کتفه»zayd came while a sword was on his armpit.it is worth noting that when we talk about allowability, it does not mean that both cases have the same meaning; rather, the conjugation of waw hal conveys the importance that is distinct from the case of no waw hal and one context demands that the hal escorted by waw hal and another context requires that waw hal not to emerge. for example, we sometimes say:«جاء زیدٌ و هو مسرعٌ»zayd came with a run.and sometimes we say:«جاء زیدٌ مسرعا»zayd came running.which are different from each other in terms of meaning.this study, as an endeavor to discuss the distinction between hal in terms of conjugation to waw hal and unconjugated cases, leaning on comparative models from the holy qur’an, led to the following results:from jurjani’s perspective, the circumstance of waw hal with the hal in essential and not-allowed cases directs the configuration of the language and optional sorts to the meaning and order of speech.if a verb in the present tense operates in the waw hal, it implies simultaneity with its mechanism. if accompanied by the present participle, it denotes continuity till the time of conveying.the singular hal demonstrates proof, and the stress is on the hal itself and not on the subject, while in the hal of a nominal sentence that starts with a hal possessive pronoun, the focus is on the object, not the hal which is more immersed than the singular hal.if the hal of the nominal sentence is escorted by a waw hal, it demonstrates that the principal hal is fixed and established and has more emphasis, and if the waw hal does not appear in it, it signifies the simultaneity of the hal with its mechanism, without emphasis.if the hal of the past verb is accompanied by a waw hal, it means that the hal occurred before the mechanism and ended, and if it comes without, it means that it is simultaneous with its instrument.since lam «لم» and lamma «لما» replace the meaning of the present tense verb with the past tense verb, waw hal plays the exact role in it as it does in the past tense verb.

investigating the ‘hal’ and ‘waw hal’ in ma’ani al-naḥw of jurjani

al-jahiz (160-255 a.h /776-839 a.d) is one of the biggest writers in the history of arabic literature and is considered one of the supporters of freedom in language and literature, consistency between words and meanings, consideration of the requirements of the context, editing, and refining the texts along with clarity and brevity of meanings. he has left famous writings in various fields, and one of his works is al-rasael al-siyasiah (the political letters) which includes eleven treatises. the eleventh one is ‘risalat al-ma’ash wa al-ma’ad’ in which he explains the concept of politics and its principles. al-jahiz wrote the treatise to qazi muhammad abi daoude in 17 parts, and he talked about all good and bad works, what to do, what should be avoided in politics, etc. in fact, this treatise is a guidebook for the reader in politics, ethics, and education.this treatise is scientifically valuable and is a clear text without any unintelligible words. in addition, the author’s intellectual and scientific maturity is clearly evident in his rhetoric and excellent writing style in this work. in this selected work of literature, quranic verses, hadiths, poetry, and wisdom are quoted, which al-jahiz mentioned as evidence, examples, and rational arguments along with various persuasive methods. it is a coherent and continuous text and its structures, signs, verbs, proverbs, the use of coherence and continuity tools, etc. had a profound effect in creating a coherent and continuous text.text linguistics is one of the new fields of linguistics in which the text itself is assumed as the semantic unit, not the words or sentences separated from the whole text. halliday considers the text as a functional semantic unit in language and believes that when a person hears a section bigger than a sentence, he can easily understand whether it is an independent and coherent unit of meaning or intersecting and incoherent sentences. of course, in halliday and hassan’s view (1976), the text is not considered with the same nature as a sentence, and text is not a bigger sentence, but the type of the text is different and it cannot be defined by its length compared with the sentence. accordingly, the sentence is under the influence of grammatical and structural rules, but the text is sequent of the context and coherence rules.however, in halliday and hassan’s model in text linguistics, the text is considered a specific semantic unit with the purpose of coherence and harmony. the text, whether written or oral, is a linguistic communicational act and the texture is also a linguistic phenomenon that achieves coherence and continuity, to provide the understanding of deep relationships in the text’s structures.coherence is one of the main elements in the text that is related to the internal coherence of the text and the phonetic tools and aims to create elements of coherence and interrelationship of the text. interrelationships form the text structure and provide its continuity. in other words, the term ‘coherence’ refers to the relationships and tools that create a connection between the internal components of the text and connect the text to its situational context. some of these tools such as reference, substitution, deletion, etc. create textual coherence. the referential or lexical coherence, on the other hand, is formed through repetition and contrast.substitution is one of the most important cohesion factors in the text of resalat al-ma’ash wa al-ma’ad. this term means replacing an element with another in the text and also means the relation between linguistic elements such as words or phrases in the text. according to halliday and hassan, the types of substitution are nominal substitution, present substitution, and sentence substitution which is divided into three types: quotations, conditional sentences, and justifying sentences. examining the substitutions in resalat al-ma’ash wa al-ma’ad showed that there are two main types of quotations which is a subset of sentence substitution: quotation from others and quotation from the author himself. quotation from others includes quoting adages, poems, sages’ and savants’ words, and quoting from the holy prophet (pbuh) and the holy quran. on the other hand, quotations from the author himself played a greater role in the coherence of the text of the treatise in the form of referring to an earlier speech with the demonstrative daleka (that) and referring to the topic that was just raised with the demonstrative hada (this).the substitution with the conditional clause itself includes substitution with the conditional mamma (what), mān (who), law-la (if it weren’t), and lam’ma (when). considering the third type of substitutions, i.e. justification sentences, the following subsets can be referred to: with the verb yajib (should), with robbama (maybe), and with methl al-dhee (such as). examining and analyzing these types with examples in the text of resalat al-mash wa al-ma’ad, the following results were obtained:any kind of cohesion tool played an important role in the text and turned it into a strong texture and structure in which every element was related to others and succession was one of the most important cohesion-creating elements in resalat al-mash wa al-ma’ad.the text of this treatise was a continuous text in which elements such as referencing pronouns, inflections, repetition, deletion, and substitution had an important role in it.in this treatise, jahiz created a connection between the sentences with substitution, but his text was not repetitive, platitudinous, or vulgar. concision was one of his stylistic features, and substitution was one of his important tools.the substitution was used alongside the persuasion and argumentation in this text which strengthened the semantic relationship between the substituted sentences.substitution in many cases was used to repeat a specific theory or emphasize a topic, explanation, or description of previous phrases and summarizing sentences.the accuracy in choosing quotations from others and the brilliance of morphological, grammatical, and rhetorical coherence in these quotations, along with the beauty of the words jahiz chose were among the elements that created beauty and at the same time coherence in resalat al-mash wa al-ma’ad.the percentage of substitutions’ frequency of quoted sentences was higher than other substituted sentences in this treatise and its role in creative coherence was more prominent, and at the level of sentences, two demonstrative pronouns daleka (that) and hada (this) had a prominent role to replace previous sentences and topics.