توسعه سامانه الکترونیکی برای تعیین بار عمودی وارده بر اکسل عقب کمباین غلات در حین حرکت

برای طراحی بهینه و اصلاح ساختار اکسل وسایل نقلیه دانستن بارهای وارده بر آن در شرایط کاری ضروری است. این پژوهش به دنبال اعلان نیاز پژوهشی شرکت کمباین‌سازی ایران مبنی بر تحلیل و محاسبه نیروهای وارد بر بدنه، محورها و چرخ‌های کمباین انجام شد. سامانه‌ی الکترونیکی ساخته‌شده شامل کوپلینگ فولادی، نیروسنج فشاری، مدار تقویت‌کننده ولتاژ، دیتالاگر و رایانه بود. نیروسنج به کمک کوپلینگ بر میانه اکسل عقب کمباین جاندیر 955 نصب گردید. آزمون‌های ارزیابی عملکرد سامانه در حالت‌های سکون و حرکت کمباین در جاده آسفالت، جاده خاکی و مزرعه با سرعت‌های پیشروی متفاوت به‌صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی و در پنج تکرار انجام شد. مطابق نتایج میانگین بارهای استاتیکی وارده بر اکسل در حالت موتور روشن و موتور خاموش به‌ترتیب 908/14 و 905/14 کیلونیوتن بود که تفاوت معنی‌داری در سطح یک درصد نداشتند. میانگین بارهای عمودی وارده بر اکسل حین حرکت در جاده آسفالت با سرعت‌های 10، 15 و 20 کیلومتر بر ساعت به‌ترتیب 20/15، 27/15 و 28/15 کیلونیوتن، حین حرکت در جاده خاکی با سرعت‌های 2، 4 و 6 کیلومتر بر ساعت به‌ترتیب 57/17، 99/17 و 15/18 کیلونیوتن و هنگام دروی گندم با سرعت‌های 3، 4 و 5 کیلومتر بر ساعت به‌ترتیب 47/16، 01/18 و 78/17 کیلونیوتن به‌دست آمد. بیشینه بار وارده بر اکسل حدود 50 کیلونیوتن و در جاده خاکی بود. در مجموع نتایج ارزیابی‌ها نشان داد که عملکرد سامانه ساخته‌شده قابل قبول بوده و می‌توان از آن برای اندازه‌گیری بارهای عمودی وارده به اکسل عقب کمباین استفاده کرد.

Development of an Electronic System for Determining Vertical Loads on the Rear Axle of Cereal Combine Harvesters in Motion

Introduction The cereal combine harvester is one of the agricultural machines that works in difficult conditions and its parts are constantly under various static and dynamic loads. For the optimal design of vehicle parts, types and values of loads applied to them must be determined correctly. The purpose of this study was to design and fabricate an electronic system that could instantly measure and store the amount of vertical load exerted on the rear axle of grain combine harvester in various conditions to be used in the design and optimization of the axle.Materials and Methods Main components of the designed system included a steel coupling, a disc loadcell (H2FC210t ZEMIC model), an electronic board for amplifying loadcell output voltage, a data logger (AdvanTech DAQ Navi model), a 12volt battery, and a laptop. A special steel coupling was designed in CATIA software for connecting the loadcell to the axle. The loadcell was placed between the coupling plates and then the coupling was installed on the center point of the rear axle of a JD 955 combine harvester. A standard tensilecompression testing machine (Cantam STM150) was used to calibrate the loadcell. The relationship between the input load and the loadcell output voltage was linear and had a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9991). In the static test, the vertical load exerted on the axle was recorded by the electronic system while the combine was stopped and the combine engine was in ON/OFF modes. In the dynamic test, the combine was driven in three positions including asphalt road, dirt road, and wheat field at three different forward speeds, and loads on the rear axle were recorded by the electronic system. Finally, the data obtained from the tests were analyzed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with five replications in Excel and SPSS software.Results and Discussion The average static loads on the combine rear axle in ON and OFF modes were 14.908 and 14.905 kN, respectively. The results of the Student’s ttest of paired samples to compare the values of axle vertical loads in two modes of static load measurement showed that there is no significant difference between the axle loads in ON and OFF mode of the engine at 1% probability level. The average vertical loads on the rear axle of the combine were equal to 15.20, 15.27, and 15.28 kN, while driving on asphalt roads at speeds of 10, 15, and 20 km h1 respectively. These values were equal to 17.57, 17.99, and 18.15 kN, while driving on the dirt road at speeds of 2, 4, and 6 km h1 respectively, and they were equal to 16.47, 18.01, and 17.78 kN when harvesting wheat in the field at speeds of 3, 4, and 5 km h1 respectively. The average load applied on the axle in the turning path was more than the load applied in the straight path, which indicates load transfer to the rear axle during turning. The effect of forward speed and path type on the amount of axle load was significant at a 1% probability level, but their interaction was not significant. Therefore, the critical conditions for applying load on the rear axle of combine harvester are occurred while combine turns with high forward speed, and the design of the axle should be based on these conditions. The maximum load on the axle was obtained equal to 50 kN on the dirt road, which was due to the combine movement on a steep uphill at the end of the path.Conclusion Evaluation of the system in different conditions showed that the performance and accuracy of the system are acceptable and the data of this system can be trusted and used to measure the vertical load on the rear axle of the combine. The current rear axle of the JD955 combine harvester looks relatively safe, but at some very rugged elevations, especially steep uphills, it suffers from a lot of stress that may cause damage. So, optimizing the axle such as increasing the thickness of the triangular piece in the middle of axis and using a stronger alloy for the middle areas of the axle are recommended.