impact of different irrigation and fertilization strategies on growth, yield, and physiological traits of camelina

Objective: this research aimed to investigate the effects of irrigation regimes and fertilizer types on growth, yield, and physiological characteristics of camelina (camelina sativa).methods: the effects of rainfed and supplementary irrigation (once or twice) on yield and physiochemical traits of camelina were evaluated under two different fertilizer sources (chemical and bio-organic fertilizers) based on a split-plot design with four replications based on a randomized complete block design.results: there was a reduction in grain yield by 48.08% and 28.41% under rain-fed and single irrigation conditions, respectively, compared with the double irrigation. chemical fertilizer treatments increased both harvest index and grain yield, regardless of the irrigation regime. bio-organic fertilizers enhanced yield by 22.35% under twice irrigation, 8.24% under single irrigation, and 25.49% under rain-fed conditions, compared with the control plots. antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) increased under drought stress, especially in unfertilized plants, whereas chemical fertilizer application reduced these activities. water deficit significantly inhibited nutrient uptake; however, fertilizer application, especially the chemical fertilizer, improved these effects, resulting in higher concentrations of n, k, zn, and fe in plant tissues. both chemical and bio‑organic fertilizers had almost similar effects on oil content.conclusion: chemical fertilizer outperformed the bio-fertilizer in boosting camelina yield under irrigated conditions, yet they were not significantly different under rainfed conditions. bio-organic fertilizers thus offer a sustainable alternative for maintaining camelina productivity in the water-scarce environments. these results highlight bio-fertilizers as a viable option for sustainable agriculture under rain-fed systems.