effects of drought stress on yield and morphophysiological traits of quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd) at different levels of nitrogen

Objective: this study aimed to investigate the effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and some morphophysiological traits of quinoa. methods: a factorial experiment was performed for the quinoa titikaka cultivar. the factors included three levels of water-deficit stress based on soil moisture depletion [45% (control), 65%, and 85%] and three levels of nitrogen fertilizer including 50 (control), 100, and 150 kg/ha.results: the highest leaf area index in the first year was obtained at 45% soil moisture depletion (without drought stress) and the highest chlorophyll index was obtained at 65% soil moisture depletion level. in the second year, the highest leaf area index (11.3) and the highest chlorophyll index (64.20) were obtained from 65% and 85% soil moisture depletion combined with 150 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer, respectively. in the first year of the experiment, the 45% soil moisture depletion with 150 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer had the highest number of panicles per plant (13.1). also, the highest 1000-seed weight (2.47 g), grain yield (1926.63 kg/ha), and plant height (49.15 cm) were obtained from the 45% soil moisture discharge and 150 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer.conclusion: the population structure and genetic relationships of the iranian bread wheat landraces presented here highlight their diverse genetic architecture. the results of this study provide valuable information for the utilization of landraces in the genetic improvement of bread wheat.