improved multi-conductor transmission line modeling of transformer to study frequency response

This paper introduces an improved multi-conductor transmission line (mtl) model for transformers' high-frequency transient and frequency response analysis, overcoming limitations in traditional models that fail to capture complex electromagnetic interactions during high-frequency events, such as lightning strikes and switching operations. the model accurately reflects real-world transformer behaviors under transient conditions by integrating particle swarm optimization (pso) for efficient parameter estimation and incorporating frequency-dependent losses. the combined use of pscad and python minimizes computational overhead, enabling high-fidelity simulations closely aligned with experimental transformer data. validation against real transformer measurements demonstrates the model's reliability in capturing high-frequency responses, essential for transformer diagnostics. this novel approach offers a practical tool for studying transformer frequency response analysis, which is an important tool in transformer diagnosis.