application of graphene and graphene oxide for modification of electrochemical sensors and biosensors: a review

This paper gives a comprehensive review about the most recent progress in graphene and graphene oxide based electrochemical sensors and biosensors.  graphene, emerging as a true 2dimensional material, has received increasing attention due to its unique physicochemical properties (high surface area, excellent conductivity, high mechanical strength, and ease of functionalization and mass production). the application of graphene and graphene oxide in the modification processes leads to improved sensitivity, electrocatalytic behavior, and reduced fouling. the development of graphene and graphene oxide  based sensors in biosensing and detection of chemicals have been resulted in great achievements towards more sensitive health care instruments and preventing the environmental problems. to facilitate further research and development, the technical challenges are discussed, and several future research directions are also suggested in this paper.