گونه‌شناسی مسکن روستایی شهرستان بروجرد بر پایه الگوهای بومی ساختاری - کالبدی (نمونه موردی: روستای کوشکی سفلی)

معماری بومی هر منطقه ای، گواه بر پیشینه معماری و فرهنگی ارزشمند و سابقه تاریخی آن دیار است و تلاش در جهت شناسایی و معرفی این ثروت به همگان، می تواند زمینه ای برای مرتفع ساختن بسیاری از نیازهای فرهنگی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و توسعه هرچه بیشتر این سکونتگاه های باارزش و انتقال فنون و تجارب معماری و فرهنگی به دیگر مناطق باشد. در محدوده جغرافیایی ایران، بسیاری از روستاها با وجود داشتن ویژگی های معماری، فرهنگی و پیشینه ارزشمند تاریخی متاسفانه به‌درستی شناسایی و معرفی نشده اند و یا در صورت شناسایی به‌دست فراموشی سپرده‌ شده‌اند و با گذر زمان این ثروت باارزش به‌دلیل کم توجهی دچار آسیب و کاهش کیفیت زندگی ساکنان آن می شود. شهرستان بروجرد در شمال استان لرستان، دارای بافت‌های روستایی منحصربه‌فردی است که متاسفانه با وجود کالبد معماری ارزشمند در اقلیم سرد منطقه، موردتوجه قرار نگرفته‌است. روستای کوشکی سفلی در زمره همین روستاها قرار دارد و تاکنون درصد بالایی از بافت این روستا به‌دلیل عدم رسیدگی دچار تخریب شده است. هدف پژوهش حاضر شناسایی، معرفی و مستندسازی الگوی بومی معماری و سازه در مسکن روستای کوشکی سفلی تعیین شده‌است که بدین‌منظور، به بررسی و تحلیل گونه های تاریخی موجود روستا پرداخته شده است. گردآوری اطلاعات، در مرحله اول از روش کتابخانه ای و مقالات الکترونیکی و در مرحله میدانی و شناخت از روش مصاحبه، مشاهده و برداشت استفاده شده است. در پایان پژوهش، تحلیل ها نشان دادند که ترکیب فضایی خانه های روستا شامل دو نوع استقرار بنا در سه جبهه و چهار جبهه حیاط مستطیل شکل می‌باشد؛ در گونه شناسی معماری این روستا، شاخص‌های محرمیت چرخش فضایی در ورودی توسط دالان و هشتی، فضاهای رابط ایوان و مهتابی، حیاط مرکزی و درون گرایی فضاها از ویژگی های بومی آن رعایت شده‌است و ملاحظات اقلیمی توسط چیدمان ساختار کالبدی، جهت‌گیری و همچنین از مصالح بوم آوردی مثل خشت، چوب، سنگ و کاهگل و سازه باربر اصلی در ساخت خانه ها بهره گرفته اند.

Rural Housing Typology of Boroujerd County Based on Structural-Physical Vernacular Patterns (Case Study: Kuschki-e-sofla Village)

The vernacular architecture of any region is an evidence of its valuable architectural, cultural and historical background. Efforts to identify and introduce this heritage can be the basis for addressing many of the cultural, social, economic, and developmental needs of vernacular settlements and to transfer architectural experiences and cultural techniques to other regions. Unfortunately, despite the rich history of architecture and culture in the geographical area of Iran, many villages have not received the attention they deserve.One of the most important features of rural architecture is to pay attention to the design in accordance with the natural needs of the people and the environment and their daily activities such as the type of living spaces. Architectural examples of the coexistence of living and living spaces in this type of housing are the depth of attention to people #39;s lives and their needs, which has harmonized the physical space with the story of people #39;s lives and created it. Such a view of life and attention to needs and harmony with the natural environment has led to the formation of various forms of housing Indigenous architecture is well aware of the originality of life and environmental potentials and has been formed in harmony with it, instead of ignoring the needs of life and combating geographical variables. Rural houses, which are good examples of this type of architecture, have relatively fixed and stable principles that are not easily subject to change, and its changes have taken place internally over relatively long periods of time.Boroujerd County in the north of Lorestan Province has unique rural textures that unfortunately have not been considered despite the valuable architectural texture in the cold climate of the area. KushkiSofla village is one of these kinds located in this region, which, unfortunately, despite the valuable texture, has not been considered. Up to now, a high percentage of the village context has been damaged due to a lack of conservation process. According to the necessity of the subject, the purpose of the present study is to identify, introduce and document the local patterns of architecture and structure in the village of KushkiSofla, which In order to achieve this goal, the research analyses the existing typology of the village buildings.The principles and rules that are generally seen in the local housing architecture of this village are 1. Flat roof (bed and beam) due to access to wood materials and timber; 2. The granular texture (a set of buildings that are formed separately from other buildings), but has a relatively dense arrangement; 3. Using the semiopen space pattern as transition spaces and the interface between indoor and outdoor spaces; 4. Minimize the external surface against the volume of the building; 5. Mostly there are twostory houses; 6. Observing the spatial hierarchy to enter the houses by rotating the entrance and using the porch; 7. Using the element of the central courtyard as a functional and communication role between other spaces; 8. Using indigenous materials for construction; 9. In general, the residential architecture of this lower Kushki village is simple and without pollution.This research searches through the pattern of vernacular architecture and physical characteristics of rural houses and explores the structural components in the construction with rural housing. In order to collect the required information, the first phase is the library method. In addition, field study observation and semiorganized interview were used for data collection. At the result, analyzes showed that the spatial composition of the village houses consists of a threesided and foursided form. In the typology of the architecture of this village, the spatial circulation at the entrance by the corridors and the vestibule, the spaces between the porch and the moonlight, the central courtyard, and the interior space of the spaces are the vernacular features of KushkiSofla Houses. They also used canvas materials such as clay, wood, rock and roll, and main building structures for building houses.