بررسی و تحلیل بافت تاریخی روستای خویدک براساس گاهنگاری دوره‌های تاریخی

خویدک یکی از روستاهای تشکیل‌دهنده دهستان فهرج از توابع بخش مرکزی شهرستان یزد است. این روستا آثار تاریخی زیادی را در دل خود دارد و از بافت نسبتاً منسجمی برخوردار است. این مقاله با رویکرد تاریخی تحلیلی قصد دارد بافت روستا را از دیدگاه تاریخی بررسی کرده و در کنار آن تاثیر عوامل اقلیمی بر شکل گیری بافت روستا را مطالعه کند. برهمین‌پایه مهم‌ترین سوالاتی که در این مقاله مطرح شده‌اند عبارت‌اند از 1. روستای خویدک در چه دوره هایی شکل گرفته و توسعه یافته است؟ 2. براساس اطلاعات جمع آوری شده، وضعیت بافت تاریخی روستای خویدک چگونه است؟ متون محلی یزد روستای خویدک را مربوط به دوره ساسانی می دانند شواهد باستان‌شناختی مرتبط با این دوران نیز در دشت های اطراف روستا شناسایی شده است. همچنین قلعه تاریخی روستا را نیز به این دوره تاریخ‌گذاری کرده اند. در کنار آن مسجد جامع قدیم قرار دارد که می تواند مربوط به دوران صدر اسلام باشد. در بررسی‌های باستان‌شناختی که در این روستا انجام گرفت تعداد دوازده خانه شناسایی گردید که به دوره آل‌مظفر تاریخ‌گذاری می‌شوند. می‌توان گفت که بافت روستا در قرون میانی اسلامی در محدوده‌ای حدفاصل حسینیه پایین تا حسینیه بالا قرار داشته است. اگرچه شواهد به‌دست‌آمده از دوره صفویه اندک است، ولی خانه‌های زیادی شناسایی شدند که در دوره‌های قاجار ساخته‌ شده‌اند. در این دوران روستا به حد نهایی گسترش خود رسیده بود. در دوران پهلوی و معاصر نیز برخی از خانه‌های تاریخی مرمت و نوسازی گردیده اند. روستای خویدک دارای بافت تاریخی نسبتاً متراکمی است که در جهت شمال غربی جنوب شرقی توسعه یافته است. خانه ها درون‌گرا بوده و از عناصری همچون حیاط مرکزی، صفه (تالار)، زیرزمین و خرداقلیم تشکیل شده اند. پوشش ها نیز اکثراً گنبدی و حجم زیادی از مصالح مورد استفاده بوم آورد بوده و در ساخت برخی از نمونه های اخیر، از مصالح مدرن استفاده شده است. درصد زیادی از خانه ها متروک شده که این امر اگرچه، در حفظ بافت تاریخی تا حدودی موثر بوده، ولی ادامه این روند می تواند تخریب بخش زیادی از بافت را به‌دنبال داشته باشد.

Investigation and Analysis of Historical Texture of Khavidak Village based on Chronology of Historical Period

Khavidak village is one of the historical villages of Yazd city and one of subordinate villages of Fahraj rural district, which is located 20 km away from this city. Due to its location in the YazdArdakan plain, this village has hot and dry summers and cold and dry winters. Although the texture of the village has changed, it is relatively cohesive making it still valuable. Construction of new neighborhoods next to the old village and migration of people are the most important reasons preserving a large part of which, resulting into prevention of the historic houses rsquo; destruction. The village has many historical monuments in its heart and has a relatively cohesive texture.With a historicalanalytical approach, this article intends to examine the village texture from a historical point of view and at the same time, it studies the climatic factors rsquo; effect on the formation of the village texture. Accordingly, the most important questions raised in this article are: 1.In what periods was the village of Khavidak formed and developed? 2. According to the collected information, how the situation of the historical context of Khavidak village is?The research was done in two ways. In the library studies through which the existing documents about the village were collected and the field studies which were done in two phases. In the first phase, archeological excavations were carried out in the village, which led to identification of many historical monuments in its historical context which had not been reported before. In the second phase, the questionnaires were prepared in which various factors such as the type of materials, residence, orientation and some others were considered. In order to obtain more accurate information in the field studies, the information of the villagers was also applied.According to the obtained evidence, the growth and development process of the village can be examined from the preIslamic period to the contemporary period. The local texts of Yazd attribute its construction to the Sassanid period, which can be proved due to scattering of the archeological evidence around the village and the existence of a historical castle, which is dated to this period. During the early days of Islam, the village was formed around the old Jame Mosque but due to destruction and lack of the archeological excavations, no information about condition of the village during this period is found. In the Islamic Middle Ages, the village expanded to the south east, which is provable by the houses associated with the Ale Muzaffar period. During the Qajar period, the village was expanded in the same direction and reached its final level of development, and the scattered works identified from this period indicate this. In later periods, although the village was not expanded to the south east, there was a lot of manipulation into the historical texture by destroying some of the houses.Khavidak village has a relatively dense historical texture that shows the characteristics of a village in the hot and dry climate. In this village, the houses are introverted and have different spaces such as the central courtyard, hall, winter and summer sections, basement and microclimate inside the central courtyard. In construction, although houses have been built with the modern materials in recent decades, still historic houses with the domestic rural building materials have been built and this process has continued until the Pahlavi period. According to surveys, a large number of village houses have been abandoned which indicates an increase in the destruction process and exposes the valuable historical monuments scattered.