ابعاد و مولفه های نگرش استمرار و گسست تاریخی در پهنه های زیست اجتماعی ایران

بافت تاریخی در مقایسه با بافت های شهری که از اوایل قرن حاضر شکل می گیرند مساحت کمتری را اشغال کرده و براساس ارتباطات پیاده شکل گرفته بود. بافت تاریخی از رشد تدریجی برخوردار بوده و به طور نسبی احداث زیرساخت ها و خدمات، با نیازهای ساکنین آن هماهنگ بوده و بر همین اساس بین کاربری های مسکونی و دیگر کاربری ها تعادل برقرار شده، نیازهای جدید بر سازمان فضایی بافت تحمیل نمی شده و تفکر خانه و تعمیر به جای تفکر مسکن و تعویض مطرح بوده است اما از حدود 1340 به بعد به دلایل بسیار مانند ورود بیش از پیش فرهنگ بیگانه، استفاده سکونتیِ صرف از محل اقامت و وابستگی بیش از حد به امکانات شهر جدید، بافت تاریخی در زمره نامتعادل ترین بافت های شهری قرار گرفت. این روند همچنان ادامه دارد و بیشتر بافت های تاریخی ایران و ساکنان آن ها هر روز با مشکلات جدید و عوامل ناپایدار مواجه هستند. از دید صاحب نظران روند قبلی یک روند مستمر و تحولات دهه های اخیر به مثابه انقطاع تاریخی بوده است. بر این اساس سوالات اصلی مقاله حاضر به این شرح است: ابعاد و مولفه های استمرار و در طرف مقابل انقطاع تاریخی در یک پهنه زیست اجتماعی مانند بافت های تاریخی کدامند؟ از نظر خبرگان کدامیک از عوامل و بسترهای مسببِ دو نگرش فوق، از اهمیت بیشتری برخوردار است؟این نوشتار در پی گردآوری و اهمیت سنجی ابعاد و مولفه های استمرار و گسست در بافت های تاریخی است. برای رسیدن به پاسخ پرسش های مطروحه روش تحقیق ترکیبی مورد نظر است. به این صورت که در پس مرور منابع موجود و دستیابی به عوامل دو نگرش استمرار و گسست، ابتدا آن ها را به روش تعداد ارجاعات و سپس پرسشنامه خبرگان مورد سنجش و وزن دهی قرار می دهد. اگرچه اعتبار وزن دهی خبرگان بیش از تعداد ارجاعات است (به دلیل اهمیت بومی سازی مولفه ها و گسترگی منابع)، اما همسویی این دو روش می تواند ملاک مورد اعتمادی برای اهمیت بخشی به ابعاد و مولفه ها باشد.

The Factors and Basis of Continuity and Interruption in Iran's Bio-social Zones

In comparison to urban texture, contemporary texture, which is formed from the beginning of the present century, occupies less space and was formed based on pedestrian connection. Contemporary texture was on a gradual increase and there was a relative correlation between needs of residents and building of infrastructures,providing services which because of this, there was a balance between residential and other users. The new needs were not forced on texture rsquo;s space structure and idea of ldquo;housingrepair rdquo; was popular as oppose to the idea ldquo;housingreplacement rdquo;. But since the beginning of 40s(Persian calendar),Due to numerous reasons such as the overwhelming effect of foreign culturecompared to past, sheer residential use of the space and high dependency on new cities facilities has put historical textures among one of the most unbalanced urban textures. This has been an ongoing process and majority of historical textures and their residents are facing new problems and unstable factors on daily basis. Some experts believe that there had been a continuous trend previously and recent occurrences has caused an interruption in history. There are two completely different perspectives regarding this issue, one believes that there has been a continuity in different eras of the history but the other believes that due to interruption, these eras are not necessary part of an evolution. However this continuity throughout the 3000 years up to beginning of the present century has been confirmed by many experts.Historians and social theorists have different views on the historical course of these issues in Iran, which are classified into three categories. Based on this, and given the fact that the historicalsocial dimensions have had a definite influence on the architecture of Iran, the impact of different views on history can be traced back to architecture, with the difference that the reflection of social change on architecture has taken place with a slight delay, which includes the past six decades. Accordingly, this study has raised some questions as following: What are the elements and components of continuity as oppose to interruption in a social life zone such as historical textures? Which factors and bases effective in birth of these two perspectives are the most important from experts rsquo; point of view?Gathering and measuring the importance of elements and components of continuity and interruption perspectives in historical texture is the objective of this study. Initially, the elements and components of these perspectives are found through review of sources and exploratory interviews with experts and after categorizing them into different dimensions, they are measured and weighed firstly by the number of references and then the surveys completed by experts. The examples are drawn from scholars of sociology and architecture using snow ball sampling method. The credibility of experts measurement is surely more than number of references (due to importance of components localism and extent of sources), but alignment of these two methods can be a reliant factor in giving importance to the dimension and components. Also, it is visible that this interruption has influenced all social aspects and Iran rsquo;s architecture and urbanization consecutively. By considering the consequences of interruption, future urban and architectural plan should be prepared in a way which could close the gap between past and present.