study on the thermophysical properties of hybrid nanofluid based on aircraft de/anti-icing fluid at low temperatures

This work involves an experimental study of the thermophysical properties of hybrid nanofluids of tio2 and graphene in a binary mixture of water and ethylene glycol. hybrid nanofluid samples with different volume fractions (0.05-2.5%) were prepared by dispersing equal volumes of tio2 and graphene nanoparticles in a binary mixture of water and ethylene glycol in the ratio of 50-50% by volume. the thermal conductivity, surface tension, and dynamic viscosity of the hybrid nanofluids were measured at temperatures ranging from 253 k to 303 k. the experimental results showed that the low concentration samples exhibited shear thinning non-newtonian behavior, while the high concentration samples exhibited shear thickening non-newtonian behavior. the measurements showed that the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids increases by up to 41.93% with increasing nanoparticle concentration and temperature. the surface tension improves by 43.61%, 39.77%, and 51.98% at concentrations of 2.5%, 2%, and 2% by volume at temperatures of 258.15 k, 268.15 k, and 283.15 k, respectively. in terms of aircraft deicing fluid performance, the addition of tio2 and graphene nanoparticles at less than 0.5% by volume contributes to the improvement of aircraft deicing fluid performance.